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− | [[Ego-psychology]] ([[Fr]]. ''[[psychologie du moi]]'') has been -- since its development in the 1930s -- the dominant [[school]] of [[psychoanalysis]] in the [[International Psycho-Analytical Association]] ([[IPA]]).
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− | ==Sigmund Freud==
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− | ===Structural Model===
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− | It draws mainly on [[Freud]]'s [[structural model]] of the [[psyche]], which was first put forward in ''[[The Ego and the Id]]'' (1923).
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− | This model comprises three agencies: the [[id]], the [[ego]], and the [[superego]].
| + | {{Encore}} p. 55''n'' |
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− | Since the [[ego]] plays a crucial role in mediating between the conflicting [[demand]]s of the [[instinctual]] [[id]], the [[moralistic]] [[superego]] and [[external]] [[reality]], more attention began to be paid to its [[development]] and [[structure]].
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− | [[Anna Freud]]'s book ''[[The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defence]]'' (1936) was one of the first works to focus almost entirely on the [[ego]], and the trend became firmly established in [[Heinz Hartmann]]'s ''[[Ego Psychology and the Problem of Adaptation]]'' (1939), which is now regarded as the foundational text of [[ego-psychology]].
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− | [[Ego-psychology]] was taken to the [[United States]] by the Austrian analysts who emigrated there in the late 1930s, and since the early 1950s it has been the dominant school of [[psychoanalysis]] not only in the [[United States]] but also in the whole of the [[IPA]].
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− | This position of dominance has enabled ego-psychology to present itself as the inheritor of Freudian psychoanalysis in its purist form, when in fact there are radical differences between some of its tenets and Freud's work.
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− | For much of his professional life, Lacan disputed ego-psychology's claim to be the true heir to the Freudian legacy, even though Lacan's analyst, Rudolph Loewenstein, was one of ego-psychology's founding fathers.
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− | After Lacan was expelled from the IPA in 1953, he was free to voice his criticisms of ego- psychology openly, and during the rest of his life he developed a sustained and powerful critique.
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− | Much of Lacanian theory cannot be properly understood without reference to the ideas of ego-psychology with which Lacan contrasts it.
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− | Lacan challenged all the central concepts of ego-psychology, such as the concepts of [[adaptation]] and the [[autonomous ego]].
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− | His criticisms of ego-psychology are often intertwined with his criticisms of the [[IPA]] which was dominated by this particular school of thought.
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− | [[Lacan]] presents both ego-psychology and the IPA as the 'antithesis' of true psychoanalysis.<ref>E, l16</ref>
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− | [[Lacan]] argues that both were irremediably corrupted by the culture of the United States (see [[factor c]]).
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− | Lacan's powerful critique has meant that few people now accept uncritically the claims of ego-psychology to identify itself as 'classical psychoanalysis'.
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− | ==See Also==
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− | ==References==
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− | <references/>
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