==Freudian Terms==
;[[Anal Stage]]
:Freudian [[stage]] of [[development]], ages 1-3. During this stage the [[child]]'s focus of [[pleasure]] is the anus. There is a [[conflict]] between the child's [[desire]] to expel [[feces]] and the [[parents]]' attempt to toilet train the child.
;[[Analysand]]
:A person undergoing psychoanalysis.
;[[Cathexis]]
:Greek [[word]] [[meaning]] "to occupy" or "to invest." In [[Freudian]] [[psychology]], it is used to describe the [[process]] of attaching [[sexual]] ([[psychic]]) [[energy]] (libido) to a ([[particular]]) [[object]] (or [[goal]]).
;[[Displacement]]
:A [[psychoanalytic]] [[defense]] [[mechanism]] in which one's desire for something inappropriate, such as one's [[mother]], is [[displaced]] onto something acceptable, such as one's wife. The acceptable person shares characteristics with, and takes the [[place]] of, the unacceptable person.
Castration, symbolic;[[Dream Interpretation]]: For Lacan the child's submission to the prohibition of incest is linked to his or her entrance into the structure of language. The human being's capacity to symbolize is dependent on his or her acceptance use of [[dreams]] as a loss, the loss source of an imaginary complementarity with the mother. This loss consists in giving up one's privileged position as information [[about]] the mother's phallus in order to situate oneself [[unconscious]] in the social world as someone who "has the phallus" or "does not have itpsychoanalysis."
Desire is ;[[Ego]]:English [[translation]] of [[Freud]]'s term ''[[das Ich]]'', or "the margin that separates I." One of the speaking subject from a primordial object that is lost and cannot be refound because it remains beyond [[three]] [[structures]] (components) of the reach of words[[mind]] ([[psyche]]) as conceived by psychoanalysis. Such an object constitutes Obeys the "[[reality]] [[principle]]," (deal with reality) mediating between the cause of desire [[real]] [[world]] and is the bearer desires of the subject's unconscious fantasiesid. Lacan also defines desire as what remains unfulfilled in the subject after his need, channeled through his demand, has been addressed
Ego;[[Eros]]: In Lacanian theory the ego originates in the mirror stage (see Imaginary, below, and Preface). It is not the agent of the reality principle but the seat of the subject's narcissistic investment. Lacan characterizes the ego as a shield whose function is to fend off the disruptions of the subject's unconscious desire and to search in the other's gaze Freudian term for confirmation of its existence. Imaginary: The Imaginary is the realm of subjective experience per se, the world as it appears to the subject. Lacan explains the genesis of the imaginary in the mirror stage, the archaic experience in which the child encounters his or her reflection in the gaze of the (m)Other. From that moment on, both the child's perception of the world and his fantasies will be informed by the experience of such a gazesex [[instinct]].
Lack ( manque à être) refers to ;[[Fixation]]:In Freudian [[theory]], the loss entailed process by symbolic castration. For Freud, the resolution of the Oedipus complex which libido is dependent on the boy's fear of castration attached to various [[objects]] and the girl's penis envy[[erogenous zones]] (mouth, whereas for Lacananus, both sexes must undergo the same painful but necessary process that symbolic castration entailsgenitals) during development. Fixation of different amounts of libido at various [[stages]] leads to differences in [[personality]].
Name of the Father ( le nom du père) can be heard as both the no/ non of the father and his name/ nom. This pun contains the two dimensions of what Lacan understands by symbolic castration;[[Free Association]]: the negative side that enforces the prohibition of incest (noIn psychoanalysis, says the father, you may not be your mother's phallus, the exclusive object of her desire) and the positive side, the child's inscription a [[technique]] in which the generational order ([[patient]] generates [[words]] by [[association]]. Supposed to act as the son or daughter of a father and a mother), which locates the child in window into the social world, the realm of language. (See also Paternal Metaphorunconscious.)
Other;[[Genital Stage]]: The Other (also called the Symbolic) refers to what is beyond the "real" or "imaginary" significant othersstage after [[puberty]] in Freudian theory; that is, what lasts throughout [[life]]. Focus is exterior on reproduction and anterior to the subject but determines it nevertheless. It is the locus of psychoanalysis. The subject's unconscious "speaks" a language that has its roots in caring for the Othernext generation.
Paternal Metaphor;[[Hysteria]]: The paternal metaphor not only refers to the double meaning A disorder common in Freud's [[female]] [[patients]] in turn-of -the non/nom du père but also points toward language per se as -century [[Vienna]], characterized by a metaphor for what has been irreversibly lost when the child becomes a speaking subject. In speaking, the subject does not know that he or she is symbolizinggrab-bag of somatic [[symptoms]]: limb [[paralysis]], through languagemotor automatisms, the object of his or her primordial yearning. The paternal metaphor is a symbolic operation that cuts the imaginary bond between mother and child and grants the boy or the girl the ability to symbolize this loss through words. Therefore, the fear of losing the penis or the frustration at not having it is grounded not in our "anatomical destiny" but in the dynamics at work within the intersubjective realm in which mothersensory deficits, fatheratonia, and child are inscribedetc.
;[[Id]]
:English translation of Freud's term ''[[das Es]]'', or "the It." One of the three structures (components) of the mind (psyche) in psychoanalysis, it is [[responsible]] for [[instinctual]] urges and is completely unconscious. Of these structures, it is the most [[primitive]]; the source of sex and [[death]] [[drives]]; obeys the "[[pleasure principle]]."
Phallus;[[Latency Period]]: The organizing principle of the dynamic of the subject's desire. It is the signifier par excellence in relation to which the subject will assume his or her sexual identity. If, in the individual's fantasy world, the phallus acts as an imaginary object that the subject will first want to incarnate and then move on to have (or to seek in a romantic partner), within the symbolic order -- that isIn Freudian theory, in the unconscious realm -- the phallus operates as the signifier of a loss, the symbol period of the lack of complementarity [[repressed]] [[sexuality]] between the sexes. Lacan makes a clear distinction between the penis [[Oedipal]] crisis and puberty (the phallus[[genital]] period).
Real;[[Libido]]: The real is reality in its unmediated formIn Freudian theory, sexual energy. It is what disrupts the subject's received notions about himself and the world around him. Thus it characteristically appears to the subject as Each person has only a shattering enigma, because in order to make sense certain amount of it he or she will have to symbolize it, that is, to find signifiers libido that can ensure its controlbe "cathected" and fixated onto various objects. [[Psychic energy]] derived from the sex [[drive]].
Signifier;[[Neurology]]: An element The field of discourse, operative at the conscious and unconscious levels, which represents [[medicine]] concerned with brain disease and determines the subjectbrain injuries. The signifier does not designate a fixed referent Distinct from neuroscience (a signified) but always refers to other signifiers. That is to say, the relation between a (signified[[scientific]] study of the brain) concept and its acoustic image neuropsychology (signifier) does not result from a particular affinity between a word and its referent but is determined by the other signs that compose a given language. In that sense, the arbitrary relation between signifier and signified shows that language is an entity with its own laws and regulations that operate independently of the realm study of existence that it appears to represent. For Lacan, the bar or dividing line between the signifier [[psychological]] disorders and the signified (S/simpairments caused by brain dysfunction) expresses the problematic relation between what is said consciously and what is barred from conscious discourse.
Subject;[[Neurosis]]: The subject is the human being as constituted by the knotting of what Lacan calls the RealA [[mental]] disorder that involves [[distortion]], the Imaginarybut not outright [[rejection]], and the Symbolicof reality. This triad breaks down the classical dichotomies between nature and culture[[Neuroses]] include [[anxiety]] disorders, individual and society, and inner and outer reality. The Real"hysteria, the Imaginary" "neurasthenia, " and the Symbolic together weave the subject's reality at all timesobsessive-compulsive disorders. These categories are always intertwined and are never processed by the subject in their pure or isolated form. Only a psychotic outbreak can undo the knotting of the triad. More specifically, the subject in Lacanian theory refers to the subject of the individual's unconscious desire
Symbolic;[[Oedipal Complex]]: The symbolic order is Takes place during the order of language and culture, the synchronic structure [[phallic]] stage in which the child is unknowingly inscribedFreud's [[developmental]] theory. It is a constraining structure imposed on the child through the Law Boys [[want]] to kill [[father]] and [[sleep]] with mother because of the Name sexual attraction to mother; girls want to kill mother and sleep with father because of the Father"[[penis]] [[envy]]. " The repression that this law entails causes crisis leads to [[identification]] with the formation same-sex parent and development of the unconscioussuperego. This concept A persistent set of the symbolic was first proposed by the structural anthropologist Lévi-Straussunconscious beliefs and desires that results, according to Freud, who demonstrated how from the permutations at work in the elementary structures [[childhood]] repression of kinship not only establish the prohibition of incest as the law that transforms nature into culture, but also reveal that language desire to sleep with one's mother and culture are both shaped by a symbolic system operating on an unconscious levelkill one's father.
;[[Oral Stage]]:The first stage in Freud's developmental theory, in which the focus of pleasure is the mouth. ;[[Penis Envy]]:Name used to describe girls' supposed desire to have a penis. ;[[Phallic Stage]]:Third stage in Freud's developmental theory, during which the Oedipal crisis takes place and the superego develops. Focus is on the genitals, specifically the penis. ;[[Physiology]]:The field of [[biology]] concerned with the activities and functions of [[biological]] systems (as opposed to anatomy, which is concerned with the structures of biological systems). ;[[Physicalism]] ([[materialism]]):The [[philosophical]] [[position]] that all phenomena can be explained by reference to [[physical]] (or "[[material]]") objects and the laws that govern their interactions. ;[[Pleasure Principle]]:The "instant [[gratification]]" policy followed by the id. The principle obeyed by the id, which attempts to accomplish [[infantile]] wishes such as the [[wish]] to have sex with one's mother and kill one's father. ;[[Projection]]:A psychoanalytic [[defense mechanism]] by which an unwanted desire is attributed to [[others]] instead of the [[self]]. If you [[hate]] your father, for example, you might [[project]] your own [[feelings]] onto him and become convinced that your father hates you. ;[[Psychoanalysis]]:A method of [[psychotherapy]] and psychological theorizing founded by [[Sigmund Freud]] in turn-34of-the-century Vienna. Focuses on early life experiences, basic [[instincts]], and the interplay of unconscious forces (thus a kind of "psychodynamic" theory). Originally a method of treating [[people]] with [[neurotic]] disorders invented and made popular by Sigmund Freud. Also a general method of [[interpreting]] [[behavior]], art, [[history]], etc., as [[being]] rooted in unconscious (usually sexual) desires. ;[[Psychoanalyst]]:A person who performs psychoanalysis. Often a medical doctor, though not always, especially after the 1960s in [[Europe]]. ;[[Psychodynamic]]:General term referring to Freudian and post-Freudian theories that postulated the interplay of forces in the unconscious as the major determinants of behavior. ;[[Psychosis]]: A mental disorder that involves outright rejection or [[denial]] of reality. [[Psychotic]] [[conditions]] include [[schizophrenia]], very severe [[depression]], and manic- depressive disorder. ;[[Reaction formation]]:A psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which an unwanted desire is converted into its opposite; e.g. a [[hatred]] of one's father is converted into a powerful (neurotic) [[love]] for him. ;[[Reality Principle]]:In Freud's theory, the principle followed by the ego. Accommodates the constraints of reality while still trying to [[satisfy]] the id's urges and the superego's ideals. The principle obeyed by the ego, which attempts to reconcile the id's desires with reality. ;[[Repression]]:The process by which the ego prevents unwanted desires from emerging into [[consciousness]]. According to psychoanalysis, partially-successful repression is the [[cause]] of neuroticism. ;[[Sublimation]]:The use of psychic energy generated by an unwanted or inappropriate [[desire,]] such as the desire to have sex with one's mother, for an acceptable [[activity]] such as art, [[science]], [[good]] works, etc. ;[[Superego]]:English translation of Freud's term "Über-Ich", or "over-I." It is partly [[conscious]], and it enforces rules and imposes [[guilt]]. One of the three structures (components) in the [[psychoanalytic theory]] of mind (psyche), the [[super-ego]] represents internalized [[social]] rules. The superego develops during the [[phallic stage]] and is the internalized [[representation]] of [[society]]'s morals and goals; the [[conscience]]. ;[[Thanatos]]:Freudian [[name]] for the "death" instinct; the [[human]] tendency towards [[aggression]], stagnation, and [[destruction]].
