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==Sigmund Freud=====Definition===The displacement of oneterm "[[transference]]" first emerged in [[Freud]]'s unresolved conflicts, dependencies, and aggressions onto a substitute object (e.g. substituting a lover, spouse, etc. [[work]] as simply [[another]] term for the [[displacement]] of [[affect]] from one's parent). This operation can also occur in the psychoanalytical cure, when a patient transfers onto the analyst feelings that were previously directed [[idea]] to another object. By working through this transference <ref>{{F}} ''[[The Interpretation of feelings onto the analystDreams]]''. 1900a: [[SE]] V, the patient can come to grips with the actual cause of his or her feelings. 562</ref>
Later on, however, it came to refer to the [[patient]]'s [[relationship]] to the [[analyst]] as it develops in the [[treatment]].
This soon became the central [[meaning]] of the term, and is the [[sense]] in which it is usually [[understood]] in [[psychoanalytic theory]] today.
The use of a special term to denote the [[patient]]'s relationship to the [[analyst]] is justified by the peculiar [[character]] of this relationship.
===Treatment===[[Freud]] was first struck by the intensity of the [[patient]]'s [[affect]]ive reactions to the doctor in [[Breuer]]'s [[treatment]] of [[Anna O]] in 1882, which he argued was due to the [[patient]] transferring [[unconscious]] [[ideas]] onto the doctor.<ref>{{F}} (1895d) With Josef Breuer. ''[[Sigmund Freud|Bibliography|Studies on Hysteria]]''. [[SE]] II.</ref> ====Resistance====As he developed the [[psychoanalytic]] method, [[Freud]] first regarded the [[transference]] exclusively as a [[resistance]] which impedes the [[recall]] of [[repression|repressed]] [[memories]], an obstacle to the [[treatment]] which must be "destroyed".<ref>{{F}} (1905e [1901]) "[[Sigmund Freud:Bibliography|Fragment of an Analysis of a Case of Hysteria]]." [[SE]] VII, 3: 116</ref> Gradually, however, he modified this view, coming to see the [[transference]] also as a positive factor which helps the [[treatment]] to [[progress]]. ====Progress====The positive [[value]] of [[transference]] lies in the fact that it provides a way for the [[analysand]]'s history to be confronted in the immediacy of the [[present]] relationship with the [[analyst]]; in the way he relates to the [[analyst]], the [[analysand]] inevitably repeats earlier relationships with other [[figures]] (especially those with the [[parents]]). This paradoxical [[nature]] of [[transference]], as both an obstacle to the [[treatment]] and that which [[drives]] the [[treatment]] forward, perhaps helps to explain why there are so many different and opposing views of [[transference]] in [[psychoanalytic theory]] today. ==Jacques Lacan==[[Lacan]]'s [[thinking]] [[about]] [[transference]] goes through several [[development|stages]]. ===Dialectic===His first work to deal with the subject in any detail is '''[[Jacques Lacan:Bibliography|An Intervention on the Transference]]'',<ref>{{L}} (1951) "[[Intervention sur le transfert]]." ''[[Écrits]]''. [[Paris]]: Seuil, 1966: 215-26 ["[[Intervention sur le transfert|Intervention on the transference]]." Trans. [[Jacqueline Rose]]. Eds. Juliet Mitchell and Jacqueline Rose. ''[[Feminine]] [[Sexuality]]: [[Jacques Lacan]] and the école freudienne''. [[London]]: Macmillan, 1982; New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 1982: 61-73].</ref> in which he describes the [[transference]] in [[dialectic]]al [[terms]] borrowed from [[Hegel]]. ===Affect===He criticises [[ego-psychology]] for defining the [[transference]] in terms of [[affect]]s: <blockquote>"Transference does not refer to any mysterious property of affect, and even when it reveals itself under the [[appearance]] of [[emotion]], it only acquires meaning by virtue of the [[dialectical]] [[moment]] in which it is produced."<ref>{{Ec}} p. 225</ref></blockquote> In other [[words]], [[Lacan]] argues that although [[transference]] often manifests itself in the guise of particularly strong [[affect]]s, such as [[love]] and [[hate]], it does not consist of such emotions but in the [[structure]] of an [[intersubjectivity|intersubjective relationship]]. This [[structural]] definition of [[transference]] remains a constant theme throughout the rest of [[Lacan]]'s work; he consistently locates the [[essence]] of [[transference]] in the [[symbolic]] and not in the [[imaginary]], although it clearly has powerful imaginary effects. Later on, Lacan will remark that if [[transference]] often manifests itself under the appearance of [[love]], it is first and foremost the [[love]] of [[knowledge]] (''[[savoir]]'') that is concerned. ===Seminar of 1953-54===[[Lacan]] returns to the subject of the [[transference]] in the [[seminar]] of 1953-4. This [[time]] he conceives it not in terms borrowed from [[dialectic|Hegelian dialectic]]s but in terms borrowed from the [[anthropology]] of [[exchange]]. [[Transference]] is implicit in the [[speech act]], which involves an exchange of [[sign]]s that transforms the [[speaker]] and listener: In its essence, the efficacious [[transference]] which we're considering is quite simply the [[speech]] [[act]]. Each time a man speaks to another in an authentic and [[full]] manner, there is, in the [[true]] sense, [[transference]], [[symbolic]] [[transference]] - something which takes [[place]] which changes the nature of the two beings present.<ref>{{S1}} p. 109</ref> In the [[seminar]] of the following year, he continues to elaborate on the [[symbolic]] nature of [[transference]], which he [[identifies]] with the [[compulsion to repeat]], the [[insistence]] of [[the symbolic]] determinants of the [[subject]].<ref>{{S2}} p. 210-11</ref> This is to be distinguished from the [[imaginary]] aspect of [[transference]], namely, the [[affect]]ive reactions of [[love]] and [[aggressivity]]. In this [[distinction]] between the [[symbolic]] and [[imaginary]] aspects of [[transference]], [[Lacan]] provides a useful way of [[understanding]] the paradoxical function of the [[transference]] in [[psychoanalytic treatment]]; in its symbolic aspect ([[repetition]]) it helps the [[treatment]] [[progress]] by revealing the [[signifiers]] of the subject's [[history]], while in its [[imaginary]] aspect ([[love]] and [[hate]]) it [[acts]] as a [[resistance]].<ref>{{S4}} p. 135; {{S8}} p. 204</ref> [[Lacan]]'s next approach to the subject of [[transference]] is in the eighth year of his [[seminar]],<ref>Lacan, 1960-1</ref> entitled simply "[[The Transference]]". Here he uses [[Plato]]'s [[Symposium]] to illustrate the relationship between the [[analysand]] and the [[analyst]]. [[Alcibiades]] compares [[Socrates]] to a plain box which encloses a precious [[object]] (Grk ''[[agalma]]''); just as Alcibiades attributes a hidden treasure to Socrates, so the [[analysand]] sees his object of [[desire]] in the [[analyst]] (see [[objet petit a]]). In 1964, [[Lacan]] articulates the [[concept]] of [[transference]] with his concept of the [[subject supposed to know]], which remains central to [[Lacan]]'s view of the [[transference]] from then on; indeed, it is this view of the [[transference]] which has come to be seen as [[Lacan]]'s most [[complete]] attempt to theorise the matter. According to this view, [[transference]] is the [[attribution]] of [[knowledge]] to the [[Other]], the supposition that the [[Other]] is a [[subject supposed to know|subject who knows]]: <blockquote>"As soon as the subject who is supposed to [[know]] [[exists]] somewhere . . . there is transference."<ref>{{S11}} p. 232</ref></blockquote> Although the [[existence]] of the [[transference]] is a necessary condition of [[psychoanalytic treatment]], it is not sufficient in itself; it is also necessary that the analyst deal with the [[transference]] in a unique way. It is this that differentiates [[psychoanalysis]] from [[suggestion]]; although both are based on the [[transference]], [[psychoanalysis]] differs from [[suggestion]] because the [[analyst]] refuses to use the [[power]] given to him by the [[transference]].<ref>{{E}} p. 236</ref> --- From quite early on in the history of [[psychoanalysis]] it became common to distinguish between those aspects of the [[patient]]'s relationship to the [[analyst]] which were "adapted to reality" and those which were not. In the latter [[category]] fell all the [[patient]]'s reactions which were caused by "perceiving the analyst in a distorted way". Some [[analyst]]s used the term "[[transference]]" to refer to all aspects of the [[analysand]]'s relationship to the [[analyst]], in which [[case]] they distinguished the distorted "[[transference|neurotic transference]]" or "[[transference|transference neurosis]]" from the "unobjectionable part of the transference" or "therapeutic alliance."<ref>Edward Bibring, Elizabeth Zeztel</ref> --- Other [[analysts]] argued that the term "[[transference]]" should be restricted to the "unrealistic" or "[[irrational]]" reactions of the [[analysand]] (William Silverberg, Franz Alexander). However, the common assumption underlying both of these positions was that the [[analyst]] could tell when the [[patient]] was not reacting to him on the basis of who he really was but rather on the basis of previous relationships with other [[people]]. The [[analyst]] was credited with this ability because he was supposed to be better "adapted to reality" than the [[patient]]. Informed by his own correct [[perception]] of [[reality]], the [[analyst]] could offer "transference [[interpretations]]"; that is, he could point out the discrepancy between the [[real]] [[situation]] and the irrational way that the [[patient]] was reacting to it. It was argued that such [[transference|transference interpretation]]s helped the analysand to gain "insight" into his own [[transference|neurotic transference]] and thereby resolve it or "liquidate" it. --- Some of [[Lacan]]'s most incisive criticisms are directed at this way of representing [[psychoanalytic treatment]]. These criticisms are based on the following arguments: --- 1. The [[whole]] idea of [[adaptation]] to [[reality]] is based on a naive empiricist [[epistemology]], involving an appeal to an unproblematic [[notion]] of "[[reality]]" as an [[objective]] and [[self]]-evident given. This entirely neglects what [[psychoanalysis]] has discovered about the [[construction]] of [[reality]] by the [[ego]] on the basis of its own [[méconnaissance]]. Hence when the [[analyst]] assumes that he is better adapted to [[reality]] than the [[patient]] he has no other recourse than "to fall back on his own ego" since this is the only "bit of reality he [[knows]]".<ref>{{E}} p. 231</ref> The healthy part of the [[patient]]'s [[ego]] is then defmed simply as "the part that thinks as we do".<ref>{{E}} p. 232</ref> This reduces [[psychoanalytic treatment]] to a [[form]] of [[suggestion]] in which the [[analyst]] simply "imposes his own idea of reality" on the [[analysand]].<ref>{{E}} p. 232</ref> <blockquote> Thus "the inability [of the analyst] to sustain a praxis in an authentic manner results, as is usually the case with mankind, in the exercise of power."<ref>{{E}} p. 226</ref></blockquote> --- 2. The idea that the [[analysand]]'s "distorted perception of the analyst" could be liquidated by means of [[interpretation]]s is a [[logical]] fallacy, since the [[transference]] is [[interpretation|interpreted]] on the basis of, and with the [[instrument]] of, the [[transference]] itself.<ref>{{S8}} p. 206</ref> In other words, there is no [[metalanguage]] of the [[transference]], no vantage point [[outside]] the [[transference]] from which the [[analyst]] could offer an [[interpretation]], since any [[interpretation]] he offers "will be received as coming from the person that the transference imputes him to be."<ref>{{E}} p. 231</ref> --- Thus it is contradictory to [[claim]] that the [[transference]] can be dissolved by means of an [[interpretation]] when it is the [[transference]] itself which [[conditions]] the [[analysand]]'s acceptance of that [[interpretation]]: <blockquote>"The emergence of the subject from the transference is thus postponed ad infinitum."<ref>{{E}} p. 231</ref></blockquote> --- Does this mean that [[Lacanian]] [[analyst]]s never interpret the [[transference]]? Certainly not; [[Lacan]] affirms that "it is [[natural]] to interpret the transference,"<ref>{{E}} p. 271</ref> but at the same time he harbours no [[illusion]]s about the power of such [[interpretation]]s to dissolve the [[transference]]. Like any other [[interpretation]], the [[analyst]] must use all his [[art]] in deciding if and when to [[interpret]] the [[transference]], and above all must avoid gearing his [[interpretation]]s exclusively to [[interpreting]] the [[transference]]. He must also know exactly what he is seeking to achieve by such an [[interpretation]]; not to rectify the [[patient]]'s relationship to [[reality]], but to maintain the [[discourse|analytic dialogue]]. <blockquote>"What does it mean, to interpret the transference? [[Nothing]] else than to fill the [[void]] of this deadlock with a [[lure]]. But while it may be deceptive, this lure serves a [[purpose]] by setting off the whole [[process]] again."<ref>{{Ec}} p. 225</ref></blockquote> --- When describing the [[transference]] as "positive" or "[[negative]]", [[Lacan]] takes two different approaches. Following [[Freud]], [[Lacan]] sometimes uses these adjectives to refer to the nature of the [[affect]]s, "[[transference|positive transference]]" referring to loving affects and "[[transference|negative transference]]" referring to [[aggressivity|aggressive]] [[affect]]s.<ref>{{Ec}} p. 222</ref> --- Sometimes, however, [[Lacan]] takes the terms "positive" and "negative" to refer to the favourable or unfavourable effects of the [[transference]] on the [[treatment]]<ref>{{E}} 271</ref> (where [[Lacan]] argues that when the [[analysand]]'s [[resistance]] opposes [[suggestion]], this [[resistance]] must be "placed in the ranks of the positive transference" on the grounds that it maintains the direction of the [[analysis]]). --- Although [[Lacan]] does [[speak]] occasionally of [[countertransference]], he generally prefers not to use this term. ==See Also=={{See}}* [[Affect]]* [[Aggressivity]]* [[Analysand]]||* [[Counter-transference]]* [[Dialectic]]* [[Love]]||* [[Knowledge]]* [[Imaginary]]* [[Interpretation]]||* [[Metalanguage]]* [[Progress]]* [[Repression]]||* [[Resistance]]* [[Subject supposed to know]]* [[Suggestion]]||* [[Symbolic]]* [[Treatment]]* [[Unconscious]]{{Also}} == References ==
<references/>
{{OK}}[[Category:LacanPractice]][[Category:TermsTreatment]][[Category:Concepts]][[Category:Psychoanalysis]]__NOTOC__ {{Encore}} pp. 67, 144
