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[[Voyeurism]] is a deviant [[manifest]]ation of [[sexuality]] that involves [[look]]ing without [[being]] [[see]]n in [[order]] to obtain [[sexuality|sexual]] [[pleasure]].
In <i>[[Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality]]</i>,<ref>1905d</ref> [[Freud]] examines [[perversion|sexual perversion]] and indicates the circumstances under which "the [[pleasure]] of [[look]]ing [[[scopophilia]]] becomes a [[perversion]] (a) if it is restricted exclusively to the [[genitals]], or (b) if it is connected with the overriding of disgust (as in the [[case]] of <i>voyeurs</i> or people who look on at excretory functions), or (c) if, instead of being <i>preparatory</i> to the normal [[sexual aim]], it supplants it."
Later, in "[[Instincts]] and Their Vicissitudes" (1915c), he provided a [[metapsychology|metapsychological]] explanation for the [[instinct]] of [[look]]ing, which involved the voyeur-[[exhibitionism|exhibitionist]] pair and the [[reversal]] of [[activity]] into [[passivity]] in connection with a precise [[object]]: "the sexual member."
The different [[instinctual]] currents of [[see]]ing are inflected by the voyeur, who tries to see the [[other]]'s [[genitals]] while hiding his own, but who also tries to be seen [[looking]], in order to respond to what he believes is the [[other]]'s [[desire]] to [[see]].
==Jacques Lacan==
[[Jacques Lacan]] would later say that the voyeur wants to be seen as a seer.
[[Freud]] continued to emphasize the visual component of the [[perversion]]s, but for him the specificity of [[voyeurism]] is important because of the vicissitude of the [[instinct]] of looking rather than its [[role]] in perversions.
Rather than allowing the evolution of the instinct (component) of looking to develop in different directions, the voyeur reduces the sexual and the visual in sex to a narrow, stereotypical sexual [[situation]].
He appears to do away with the sexual, the [[multiplicity]] of [[objects]] and choices, by wrapping [[them]] in a rigid [[fantasy]].
He tries to block the [[aggression]] in the instinct in order to obtain pleasure, to the detriment of the other.
By [[splitting]] the ego, he uses sex for the [[purpose]] of discharging instinctual [[violence]].
By appropriating the other as [[image]], the voyeur makes it an object of pleasure, while remaining uninvolved in the other's intimacy.
The voyeur does not seek any [[form]] of [[exchange]] or [[relationship]], but obtains pleasure by seizing the other's image against its will.
The [[goal]] is not only the [[sight]] of parts of the [[body]] that are concealed out of [[modesty]] or [[cultural]] opprobrium, but also to dismember the body of the other.
The voyeur watches what is [[forbidden]] in order to destroy the [[physical]] integrity of the person by substituting a dismembered body for the [[unified]] image.
Several circumstances can lead to the occurrence of voyeurism.
The instinct to see is used through [[disavowal]] and [[fetish]] [[formation]] to deny [[castration]].
The fantasy of the [[phallic]] [[mother]] and the [[split]] of [[awareness]] of the [[lack]] of a [[penis]] leads to rage and [[need]] for revenge towards her.
For Masud Khan, the [[pervert]] does not succeed in creating a [[transitional object]] when reacting against the encroachment of the [[maternal]] [[unconscious]], but manages to fabricate an "[[internal]] collage-object," which he then tries to discover in [[external]] [[reality]].
The voyeur engages in this type of theatricalization of the sexual relation by manipulation, submission, and [[humiliation]] of the object.
Robert Stoller has insisted on the cultural [[necessity]] of the perversion "forged by [[society]] and the [[family]] so that they are not harmed further" by instinctual [[cruelty]].
Because [[voyeurism]]turns the other into an image, an object of [[envy]] and covetousness, it appears to also bear [[witness]] to the visual focus of Western society.
[[Seeing]] at any cost is an imperative that is often confused with [[science]]'s [[objective]] of [[mastery]].
In an "omnivisual [[world]]," according to Jacques [[Lacan]]'s expression, the voyeur becomes the one who does not allow himself to be blinded by sexual [[difference]] but cannot support the [[truth]].
He [[knows]] exactly what his mother is like, but tries to save his phallic image through some visual sleight-of-hand.
More than anyone, he denies what he sees: the rift between the [[sexes]], the fracture of bodies.
==See Also==
* [[Activity/passivity]]
* [[Exhibitionism]]
* [[Face-to-face situation]]
* [[Infantile sexual curiosity]]
* [["Instincts and Their Vicissitudes"]]
* [[Libidinal development]]
* [[Prohibition]]
* [[Scoptophilia/scopophilia]]
* [[Turning around upon the subject's own self]]
* [[Visual]]
==References==
<references/>
# Bonnet, Gérard. (1996). La violence du voir. [[Paris]]: Presses Universitaires de [[France]].
# [[Freud, Sigmund]]. (1905d). [[Three]] essays on the [[theory]] of sexuality. SE, 7: 123-243.
# ——. (1915c). Instincts and their vicissitudes. SE, 14: 109-140.
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[[Category:Sexuality]]
