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== Philosophy and Freud ==
[[Freud]] regarded "[[philosophy]]" as one of the great cultural institutions, alongside [[art]] and [[religion]] - the mark of a highly developed state of [[civilisationcivilization]].
However, he viewed the relationship between [[philosophy]] and [[pychoanalysispsychoanalysis]] in ambiguous terms.
On the one hand, he credited certain philosophers (such as [[Empedocles]] and [[Nietzsche]]) with having anticipated purely by intuition what psychoanalysts discovered only by laborious investigation.<ref>{{F}} 1914d: [[SE]] XIV, 15-16</ref>.
On the other hand, he repeatedly criticised philosophers for equating the [[psyche]] with [[consciousness]] and thus excluding the [[unconscious]] on purely ''a priori'' grounds,<ref>{{F}} 1925e [1924]: [[SE]] XIX, 216-17</ref> and likened philosophical systems to [[paranoia]]c [[delusions]].<ref>{{F}} 1912-13: [[SE]] XIII, 73</ref>
