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[[biology]] (''[[{{Top}}biologie]]'')  ==Freud and Biology=={{Bottom}}

[[Freud]] regarded [[biology]] as a [[scientific]] model (of [[scientific]] rigour) on which to base the new [[science]] of [[psychoanalysis]].

==Jacques Lacan==[[FreudLacan]] borrowed concepts from , however, is strongly opposed to any attempt to construct [[psychoanalysis]] upon a [[biology|biological model]], arguing that the direct application of [[biological]] (or [[nature|ethological]]/[[psychology|psychological]]) [[:category:concepts|concepts]] (such as [[adaptation]]) to [[psychoanalysis]] will inevitably be misleading and will obliterate the concept of the essential distinciton between [[nature]] and [[driveculture]]) but reworked them in such a radical way that they become totally new concepts.

For exampleSuch [[biology|biologizing explanations]] of [[human|human behavior]] ignore, according to [[Lacan]], the concept primacy of the [[death instinctsymbolic order]] in [[human]] [[existence]] "is not a question of biology."<ref>{{E}} p.102</ref>

<blockquote>[[Lacan]] asserts: sees this "Freudian [[biology has nothing to do |biologism]]" in the work of those [[psychoanalyst]]s who have confused [[desire]] with [[need]], and [[drives]] with biology."<ref>{{S2}} p[[instinct]]s, [[:category:concepts|concepts]] which he insists on distinguishing.75</ref></blockquote>

==Biological ReductionComplex==These arguments are evident from the very earliest of [[Lacan]]'s [[psychoanalytic]] [[Works of Jacques Lacan|writings]].

In his 1938 work on the [[Lacan]] opposed [[biologicalfamily]] reductionism, that isfor example, the application of he rejects any attempt to explain [[biologicalfamily]] (or ethological/[[psychological]]) concepts (such as [[adaptationstructure]]s on the basis of purely biological data, and argues that [[biologicalhuman]] explanations of [[humanpsychology]] is regulated by [[behaviorcomplex]]) to es rather than by [[psychoanalysisinstinct]]s.<ref>{{1938}} pp. 23-4</ref>

==Science==[[Lacan]] rejects any attempt to explain argues that his refusal of [[biology|biological reductionism]] is not a contradiction of [[Freud]] but a [[psychicreturn]] phenomena in terms to the essence of crude [[biologicalFreud]] 's [[determinismWorks of Sigmund Freud|work]].

When [[LacanFreud]] draws distinctions between used [[needbiology|biological models]] and , he did so because [[desirebiology]], was at that time a model of [[drivesscience|scientific rigour]] in general, and because the [[instinctscience|conjectural science]]shad not then achieved the same degree of rigour.

[[LacanFreud]] stresses the primacy of the certainly did not confuse [[psychoanalysis]] with [[biology]] or any other exact [[science]], and when he borrowed [[symbolic:category:concepts|concepts]] from [[orderbiology]] in (such as the [[human:category:concepts|concept]] of the [[drive]) he reworked them in such a radical way that they become totally new [[existence:category:concepts|concepts]].

[[Freud]] conceives of the [[castration complex]] and [[sexual difference]] in terms of the [[presence]] and [[absence]] of the [[penisLacan]]expresses this point with a paradox:<blockquote>"Freudian biology has nothing to do with biology."<ref>{{S2}} p.75</ref></blockquote>

==Phallus==[[Lacan]] reformulates the , like [[castration complexFreud]] and , uses [[sexual difference:category:concepts|concepts]] in non-borrowed from [[biologicalbiology]], non-[[anatomical]] terms (the i.e. [[presenceimago]] , dehiscence), and then reworks them in an entirely [[absence]] of the [[phallussymbolic]]).framework/

Perhaps the most significant example of this is [[Lacan]] conceives 's concept of the [[phallus]] , which he conceives as a [[signifier]] rather than and not as a [[bodily]] [[organ]].

Many Thus while [[:category:feminist theory|FeministFreud]] conceives of the [[castration complex]] and [[sexual difference]] in terms of the [[presence]] and [[absence]] of the [[penis]] theories have drawn from , [[Lacan]] theorizes them in constructing a [[essentialismbiology|non-essentialistbiological]], [[biology|non-anatomical]] terms -- the [[presence]] and [[absence]] account of gendered the [[subjectivityphallus]].

==Culture==However, while [[Lacan]] also consistently rejects the all forms of [[culturalistbiology|biological reductionism]] , he also rejects the culturalist position which completely ignores the relevance of [[biology]].

If "[[Lacanbiology|biologizing]] " is understood correctly (that is in favor , not as the reduction of attempts psychic phenomena to discern crude [[biology|biological determination]], but as discerning the precise way in which biological data impact on the psychical field), then [[biologyLacan]] has an impact on the is all in favor of [[psychicbiology|biologizing thought]] field.<ref>{{Ec}} p.723</ref>

The clearest examples of this are [[Lacan]], like 's appeals to examples from [[animal]] [[nature|ethology]] to demonstrate the power of [[image]]s to act as releasing mechanisms; hence [[FreudLacan]], uses concepts borrowed from 's references to pigeons and locusts in his account of the [[biologymirror stage]], <ref>{{E}} p. 3</ref> and then reworks them to crustaceans in an entirely his account of [[symbolicmimicry]] framework.<ref>{{S11}} p. 99</ref>

==Sexual Difference==Thus in his account of [[sexual difference]], [[Lacan]] follows [[Freud]]'s rejection of the false dichotomy between "anatomy or convention"."<ref>{{F}} ''[[Works of Sigmund Freud|New Introductory Lectures on Psycho-Analysis]]'', 1933a: [[SE ]] XXII, 1933a. p. 114</ref>

==See Also=={{See}}* [[LacanAbsence]]'s concern is not to privilege either term but to show how both interact in * [[Adaptation]]* [[Castration complex ways in the process of assuming a sexual position.|Castration]]* [[Complex]]* [[Death drive]]* [[Imago]]* [[Mirror stage]]* [[Nature]]* [[Phallus]]* [[Science]]* [[Sexual difference]]{{Also}}