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==Sigmund Freud====''Verleugnung''==[[Freud]] uses the term ''[[Diavowal|Verleugnung]]'' to denote "a specific mode of defence which consists in the subject's refusing to recognize the reality of a traumatic perception."<ref>Laplanche, Jean and Pontalis, Jean-Bertrand. ''The Language of Psycho-Analysis'', trans. Donald Nicholson-Smith, London: Hogarth Press and the Institute of Psycho-Analysis, 1973 [1967]. p. 118</ref>
==Psychosis and Fetishism==
[[Freud]] continues to employ the term throughout the rest of his work, linking it specifically both to [[psychosis]] and to [[fetishism]].
=="Splitting of the Ego"==In these [[treatment|clinical conditions]], [[disavowal]] is always accompanied by the opposite attitude (acceptance of [[reality]]), since it is "rarely or perhaps never" possible for "the ego's detachment from reality to be carried through completely."<ref>{{F}} ''[[Works of Sigmund Freud. |An Outline of Psycho-Analysis]]'', 1940a. [[SE ]] XXIII. p.201</ref>
The coexistence in the [[ego]] of these two contradictory attitudes to reality leads to what [[Freud]] terms "the splitting of the ego."
While [[Freud]]'s use of the term is quite consistent, he does not distinguish the term rigorously from the other related operations.
[[Lacan]], however, works the term into a rigorous theory, relating it and constrasting it specifically with the operations of [[repression]] and [[foreclosure]].
==Perversion==
Whereas [[Freud]] had only linked [[disavowal]] to one form of [[perversion]], [[Lacan]] makes it the fundamental operation in all forms of [[perversion]].
Thus, in [[Lacan]]'s account, [[disavowal]] is one way of responding to the [[castration]] of the [[Other]], whereas the [[neurotic]] [[repress]]es the realization of [[castration]], the [[pervert]] disavows it.
Thus the [[pervert]] is not simply [[knowledge|ignorant ]] of [[castration]]; he simultaneously [[knowledge|knows ]] it and denis denies it.
Whereas the term [[disavowal]] originally denotes, in [[Freud]]'s work, only one side of this operation (the side of [[denial]]), for [[Lacan]] the term comes to denote both sides, the simultaneous [[denial ]] and recognition of [[castration]].
Whereas [[Freud]] relates [[disavowal]] to the perception of the [[absence]] of the [[penis]] in [[women]], [[Lacan]] relates it to the realization of the [[absence]] of the [[phallus]] in the [[Other]].
The traumatic [[trauma]]tic perception is, in [[Lacan]]'s account, the realization that the [[cause]] of [[desire]] is always a [[lack]].
It is this realization that [[disavowal]] concerns; [[disavowal]] is the failure to accept that [[lack]] causes [[desire]], the belief that [[desire]] is caused by a [[presence]] (e.g. the [[fetish]]).
==See Also==
{{See}}
* [[Absence]]
* [[Castration complex|Castration]]
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* [[Desire]]
* [[Fetishism]]
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* [[Foreclosure]]
* [[Lack]]
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* [[Neurosis]]
* [[Perversion]]
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* [[Phallus]]
* [[Psychosis]]
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* [[Repression]]
* [[Speech]]
{{Also}}
==References==
<references/>
[[Category:Psychoanalysis]]
[[Category:Jacques Lacan]]
[[Category:Practice]]
[[Category:Treatment]]
[[Category:Dictionary]]
[[Category:Symbolic]]
[[Category:Concepts]]
[[Category:Terms]]
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