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==Translation==
The [[French]] term ''[[parole]]'' presents considerable difficulty to the [[English ]] translator because it does not correspond to any one [[English ]] [[word]].
In some contexts it corresponds to the [[English ]] term "[[speech]]," and in others is best translated as "[[word]]."
==Jacques Lacan==
In his famous "[[Rome Discourse]]," [[Lacan]] denounces the way that the role of [[speech ]] in [[psychoanalysis ]] had come to be neglected by contemporary [[psychoanalytic theory]], and argues for a renewed focus on [[speech]] and [[language]].<ref>{{L}}. "[[Works of Jacques Lacan|Fonction et champ de la parole et du langage en psychanalyse]]," 1953a, in {{E}} p.237-322. ["[[The Function and Field of Speech and Language in Psychoanalysis]]," in {{E}}. p. 30-113]</ref>
[[Lacan]]'s use of the term ''[[parole]]'' owes little to [[Saussure]] -- whose opposition between ''[[parole]]'' and ''[[langue]]'' is replaced in [[Lacan]]'s work with the opposition between ''[[parole]]'' and ''[[langage]]'' -- and is far more determined by references to [[anthropology]], [[theology]], and [[metaphysics]].
[[Lacan]]'s concept of [[speech]] as a "symbolic exchange" which "links human beings to each other'" <ref>{{S1}} p. 142</ref> is clearly influenced by the work of Mauss and [[Lévi-Strauss]], especially their analysis of the exchange of gifts.
Thus [[Freud]]'s interpretations [[interpretation]]s are described as "a symbolic gift of speech, pregnant with a secret pact."<ref>{{E}} p. 79</ref>
The concept of [[speech]] as a pact which assigns roles to both the addressee and the addresser is formulated in [[Lacan]]'s concept of [[founding speech]].
==Theology==
[[Speech ]] also takes on [[religion|religious ]] and [[religion|theological ]] connotations in [[Lacan]]'s work, in terms derived both from [[religion|Eastern religions religion]]s<ref>{{E}} p. 106-7</ref> and the Judaeo-Christian tradition .<ref>{{E}} p. 106</ref>
In 1954, [[Lacan]] discusses [[speech]] with reference to St Augustine's ''De locutionis significatione''.<ref>{{S1}} p. 247-60</ref>
[[Lacan]] first makes this distinction in 1953, and though it no longer plays an important part in his work after 1955, it never disappears completely.
==Full and Empty Speech==
[[speech|Full speech]] articulates the [[symbolic]] dimension of [[language]], whereas [[empty speech]] articulates the [[imaginary]] dimension of [[language]], the [[speech]] from the [[ego]] to the [[counterpart]].
<blockquote>"Full speech is a speech full of meaning [sens]. Empty speech is a speech which has only signification."<ref>{{L}} [[Seminar XXIV|Le Séminaire. Livre XXIV. L'insu que sait de l'une bévue s'aile à mourre, 1976-77]]'', published in ''[[Ornicar?]]'', nos 12-18, 1977-9. p. 11</ref></blockquote>
[[Speech|Full speech]] is also called "[[speech|true speech]]," since it is closer to the enigmatic [[truth]] of the [[subject]]'s [[desire]]:
<blockquote>"Full speech, in effect, is defined by its identity with that which it speaks about."<ref>{{Ec}} p. 381</ref></blockquote>
==Treatment==
One of the [[analyst]]'s tasks when listening to the [[analysand]] is to discern the moments when [[speech|full speech]] emerges.
[[speech|Full speech]] and [[speech|empty speech]] are the extreme points on a continuum, and "between these two extremes, a whole gamut of modes of realisation of speech is deployed."<ref>{{S1}} p. 50</ref>
The [[end of analysis|aim]] of [[psychoanalytic treatment]] is to articulate [[speech|full speech]], which is hard work; [[speech|full speech]] can be quite laborious (''pénible'') to articulate .<ref>{{E}} p. 253</ref> --
---
[[Speech|Empty speech]] is not the same as [[truth|lying]]; on the contrary, [[truth|lies]] often reveal the [[truth]] about [[desire]] more fully than many [[truth|honest]] [[statement]]s.<ref>{{S11}} p. 139-40</ref>
==See Also==
{{See}}
* [[Communication]]
* [[Desire]]
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* [[Founding speech]]
* [[Intersubjectivity]]
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* [[Language]]
* [[Religion]]
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* [[Subject]]
* [[Truth]]
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* [[Treatment]]
* [[Unconscious]]
{{Also}}
