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==Sigmund Freud==
[[Freud]] describes [[psychoanalysis]] as comprising:
# a [[discipline]] founded on a procedure for the investigation of [[mental]] [[processes]] that are otherwise inaccessible because they are [[unconscious]];
# a therapeutic method for the treatment of [[neurotic]] disorders; and
# a [[body]] of [[psychological]] data evolving into a new scientific discipline.
Although the [[history]] of [[psychoanalysis]] is widely practiced inseparable from that of [[Freud]]'s [[life]] and has had of the long [[self]]-analysis which led him to write his great ''[[Interpretation of Dreams]]'' (1900), it is clear that his new [[science]] is rooted in the traditions of nineteenth-century psychology and [[biology]]. [[Freud]]'s ventures into [[anthropology]], which he views as an important influence on related therapeutic methodsintegral part of his new scientific discipline, it has never been defined are also influenced by nineteenth-century theories of evolution and by their attendant eurocentrism; hence the analogy between the "mental life of savages and neurotics" posited in either medical ''[[Totem and Taboo]]'' (1913), and the argument that the life of an [[individual]] re-enacts or legal termsrepeats the life of the [[species]]. It is also clear that [[Freud]]'s descriptions of the workings of the [[unconscious]], with it s flows of energy, and of [[libido]] and its mechanisms of [[discharge]], owe much to the [[physics]] and hydraulics of his age.
The would-be technique that evolved is the method of [[psychoanalystfree association]] undertakes , with the patient or analysand lying on a personal couch and with the analyst sitting slightly to the rear and out of eyeshot. The [[analysispatient]] before embarking upon a rigorous is required to tell everything and omit [[trainingnothing]] ; the [[analysisanalyst]] designed to promote a recognition listen to everything and to privilege nothing. [[Free association]] around [[dreams]] or [[memories]] allows [[unconscious]] [[chain]]s of [[fantasies]] and [[wish]]es to be reconstructed and then [[interpreted]] so as to uncover underlying [[structures]], which, typically, relate to the importance of [[transferenceOedipus complex]] and [[countertransferencerepressed]] [[childhood]] [[memories]], usually with a sexual [[content]].
The first generation of psychoanalysts werecentral factor in the [[analytic treatment]] is the [[transference]] that allows [[unconscious]] or [[repressed]] material to be reactualized in [[verbal]] [[form]] rather than reproduced in [[symptom]]s, like and [[projection|projected]] onto the [[analyst]]. In a classic [[Freud]] himselfian [[psychoanalysis]], doctors the [[analysand]] has daily sessions of medicine[[analysis]], but suitably qualified noneach lasting fifty minutes (the so-medical or lay analysts were admitted called 'analytic hour'); the payment of fees is held to the profession from the 1920s onwardshave great [[symbolic]] importance. [[Freud]] never claimed that his method was a [[universal]] panacea, but once remarked with typically [[pessimistic]] wit that it could transform "[[hysterical]] misery" into "common unhappiness."<ref.Freud. 1926a>1893-5.</ref>
Although [[psychoanalysis]] is widely practiced and has had an important influence on related therapeutic methods, it has never been defined in either medical or [[legal]] [[terms]]. The [[profession]] is self-regulated and its standards of [[practice]] are defined by the various national [[associations]] recognized by the [[International Psycho-Analytical Association]]. The would-be [[psychoanalyst]] undertakes a personal [[analysis]] before embarking upon a rigorous [[training]] [[analysis]] designed to promote a [[recognition]] of the importance of [[transference]] and [[counter-transference]]. Qualified [[analysts]] normally work under the supervision of their seniors, and usually undertake at least one "second analysis." The first generation of [[psychoanalysts]] were, like [[Freud]] himself, doctors of [[medicine]], but suitably qualified non-medical or lay analysts were admitted to the profession from the 1920s onwards.<ref>Freud. 1926a.</ref> The desirability or otherwise of medical qualifications is a matter for the various national associations. The question of the scientific [[nature]] of [[psychoanalysis]] remains controversial.
==Jacques Lacan==
[[Lacan]] trained initially as a [[psychiatrist]], and turned to [[psychoanalysis]] to [[help]] him with his [[psychiatric]] research. This then led [[Lacan]] to train as a [[psychoanalyst]] himself in the 1930s. From then on, until his [[death]] in 1981, he dedicated himself to practicing as an [[analyst]] and developing [[psychoanalytic theory]]. In the [[process]], [[Lacan]] constructed a highly original way of discussing [[psychoanalysis]] which both reflected and determined an original way of conducting the [[treatment]]; in this [[sense]] it is thus possible to [[speak]] of a specifically [[Lacanian]] form of [[psychoanalytic treatment]]. However, [[Lacan]] never admits that he has created a distinctive "[[Lacanian]]" form of [[psychoanalysis]]. On the contrary, when he describes his own approach to [[psychoanalysis]], he speaks only of "[[psychoanalysis]]," thus implying that his own approach is the only authentic form of [[psychoanalysis]], the only one which is truly in line with [[Freud]]'s approach. Thus the [[three]] major non-[[Lacanian]] [[school]]s of [[psychoanalytic theory]] ([[Kleinian psychoanalysis]], [[Ego-psychology]], [[Object-relations theory]]) are all, in [[Lacan]]'s view, deviations from authentic [[psychoanalysis]] whose errors his own [[return to Freud]] is designed to correct.
[[Category:Dictionary]]
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