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{{TopTopp}}[[psychologie ]] du moi{{Bottom}}
<!-- [[Ego-psychology]] has been - since its development in the 1930s - the dominant [[school]] of [[psychoanalysis]] in the [[International Psycho-Analytical Association]]. -->==School==[[Ego-psychology]] is a [[school]] of [[Sigmund Freud|post-Freudian]] [[psychoanalysis]], derived from [[psychology|child psychology]], [[Freud]]'s [[topology|second topography]] and [[Anna Freud]]'s [[work ]] on the [[ego]] and its [[defence]]s. It is based on an elaboration of [[Freud]]'s [[structure|structural model]] of the [[mind]], which focuses almost entirely on the function of the [[ego]] in mediating between the conflicting [[demand]]s of the [[instinctual]] [[id]], the [[moralistic]] [[superego]] and [[external]] [[reality]].
Rudolph [[Anna FreudLoewenstein]], Lacan's book ''[[The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defencetraining]]'' (1936) was analyst, had been one of the first works to focus almost entirely on the founding fathers of [[Ego Psychology|Ego psychology]], having fled [[Nazi]] [[egopersecution]]in the 1940s.
==Autonomous Ego==Founded by European immigrants, this [[school]] of psychoanalysis overemphasized [[adaptation|adjustment]] and [[adaptation]] of the [[individual]] to existing [[social]] [[conditions]]. In the view of the American [[analysts]] the [[ego]] is to be protected, the job of analysis is to reinforce the [[ego]] against the [[demand]]s of the [[instinctual]] [[id]], the [[moralistic]] [[superego]] and [[external]] [[reality]]. [[ego-psychology|Ego-psychologists]], like [[Heinz Hartmann]] argued , [[Ernst Kris]] and [[Rudolph Loewenstein]], asserted that the [[ego]] had an aspect that was not tied up with the individual's [[neurosis|neurotic]] conflicts. There was a [[conflict]]-free zone (the "[[autonomous ego]]"), which seemed free to act and choose, independent of constraints.
==Treatment==In their view the [[analyst]]'s [[role]] was to become an ally of the 'healthy' [[ego]] forces in their [[struggle]] to dominate [[instinct]]s and [[drive]]s. It was said that the [[patient]], in [[order]] to strengthen his or her "[[autonomous ego]]", should [[identify]] with the [[ego]] of the [[psychoanalyst]]. Hence it was the [[analyst]]'s job to develop a powerful [[ego]].<!-- [[Heinz Hartmann]]'s ''[[EgoPsychology and the Problem of Adaptation]]'' (1939) is regarded as the foundational [[text]] of [[ego-psychology]] holds . [[Hartmann]] was convinced that the innate elements of a "conflict-free" sphere allow the [[ego]] has to function autonomously and independently of [[mental]] conflict. According to [[Hartmann]], [[psychoanalytic]] treatment aims to expand the conflict-free sphere of ego functioning. By doing so, [[Hartmann]] believed, [[psychoanalysis]] facilitates [[adaptation]], that is, more effective mutual regulation of [[autonomous ego|autonomous energy ]] and functions independently[[environment]]. [[Treatment]] tends to be based on the establishment of a therapeutic alliance in which the [[patient]] [[identifies]] with the strong [[ego]] of the [[analyst]].-->
==History==
[[Ego-psychology]] was taken to the [[United States]] by the Austrian analysts who emigrated there in the late 1930s, and since the early 1950s it has been the dominant school of [[psychoanalysis]] not only in the [[United States]] but also in the [[whole]] of the [[IPA]]. This [[position]] of dominance has enabled [[ego-psychology]] to [[present]] itself as the inheritor of [[Freud]]ian [[psychoanalysis]] in its purist [[form]], when in fact there are radical differences between some of its tenets and [[Freud]]'s work.
For much of his professional [[life]], [[Lacan]] disputed [[ego-psychology]]'s [[claim]] to be the [[true]] heir to the [[Freudian]] legacy, even though [[Lacan]]'s [[analyst]], [[Rudolph Loewenstein]], was one of [[ego-psychology]]'s founding fathers.
<!-- After [[Lacan]] was expelled from the [[IPA]] in 1953, he was free to [[voice]] his criticisms of [[ego-psychology]] openly, and during the rest of his life he developed a sustained and powerful critique. Much of [[Lacan]]ian [[theory]] cannot be properly [[understood]] without reference to the [[ideas]] of [[ego-psychology]] with which [[Lacan]] contrasts it. -->
<!-- His criticisms of [[ego-psychology]] are often intertwined with his criticisms of the [[IPA]] which was dominated by this [[particular]] [[school]] of [[thought]]. [[Lacan]] presents both [[ego-psychology]] and the [[IPA]] as the "antithesis" of true psychoanalysis.<ref>{{E}} p.l16</ref> [[Lacan]] argues that both were irremediably corrupted by the [[culture]] of the United States (see [[factor c]]). [[Lacan]]'s powerful critique has meant that few [[people]] now accept uncritically the claims of [[ego-psychology]] to identify itself as "classical psychoanalysis." -->
==See Also==
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