German psychiatrists in the 19th century employed the term paraphrenia, derived from the Greek para (beyond) and phrēn (mind), as a nonspecific term for madness. In 1863 Karl Ludwig Kahlbaum used paraphrenia hebetica to designate a degenerative malady of puberty, later known as hebephrenia.
It is difficult to understand why Bleuler's term became preferred usage, although certainly this was due in part to the notion of "split" (schizo). However, although paraphrenia did not gain currency, on a nosological level Freud's reasoning, as developed particularly in the Schreber case, was quite remarkable and in line with his earlier attempts at diagnostic precision concerning neurosis. Freud maintained in effect that paranoia must be viewed as a clinical type distinct from schizophrenia, even if the overall clinical picture is complicated by schizophrenic-like characteristics. The two conditions can be distinguished by the central obsession and by a different mechanism of symptom formation.
NICOLAS GOUGOULIS
See also: Hypochondria; Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis; Narcissism, secondary; "On Narcissism, An Introduction"; Paranoid psychosis; Psychoanalytic nosography; Psychoses, chronic and delusional; Schizophrenia.
Bibliography
==See Also=={{See}}* Hypochondria; * Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis; * DelrieuNarcissism, Alain. (1997). Sigmund Freud. Index thématique. Paris: Anthropossecondary; * "On Narcissism, An Introduction"; * Paranoid psychosis; * Psychoanalytic nosography; * Psychoses, chronic and delusional; * Schizophrenia. {{Also}} ==References==* Freud, Sigmund. (1911c). Psycho-analytic notes on an autobiographical account of a case of paranoia (dementia paranoides). SE, 12: 1-82. * ——. (1913i). The disposition to obsessional neurosis: a contribution to the problem of choice of neurosis. SE, 12: 311-326. * ——. (1914c). On narcissism: an introduction. SE, 14: 67-102. * ——. (1915e). The unconscious. SE, 14: 159-204. * ——. (1915f). A case of paranoia running counter to the psycho-analytic theory of the disease. SE, 14: 261-272. * ——. (1916-17a). Introductory lectures on psycho-analysis. Part I, SE, 15; Part II, SE, 16. * ——. (1924b). Neurosis and psychosis. SE, 19: 147-153. * ——. (1924e). The loss of reality in neurosis and psychosis. SE, 19: 180-187. * Kapsambelis, Vassilis. (1997). Termes psychiatriques français d'origine grecque. Paris: Masson. * Kraepelin, Emil. (1971[1919]). Dementia praecox and paraphrenia. New York: Robert E. Krieger. * Porot, Antoine. (1952). Manuel alphabétique de psychiatrie Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.{{!}}
