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{| align="right" style="margin-left:10px;line-height:2.0em;text-align:justify;background-color:#fcfcfc;border:1px solid #aaa" | [[French]]: ''[[pulsion]]''|-| [[German]]: ''[[Trieb{{Bottom}}  ==Drive and Instinct=====BodySigmund Freud===The [[Freud]]'s concept of the [[drive]] is central to his theory of [[human]] [[sexuality]]; it lies at the heart of his theory of [[sexuality]]. For [[Freud]], or the distinctive feature of [[human]] [[instinctsexuality]] -- as opposed to the sexual life of other animals -- is that it is usually translated in English, is not regulated by any [[instinct]] -- a concept which implies a relatively fixed and innate relationship to an [[object]] -- but by the [[drive]]s -- which differ from [[instinct]]s in that exists they are extremely variable, and develop in ways which are contingent on the border life history of the [[subject]]. ===Jacques Lacan===[[Lacan]] insists on maintaining the [[Freud]]ian distinction between [[drive]] and [[instinct]].<ref>{{E}} p.301</ref> Whereas [[instinct]] denotes a mythical [[linguistic|pre-linguistic]] [[need]], the [[drive]] is completely removed from the realm of [[biology]]. ====Aim of the Drive====The [[drive]]s differ from [[biological]] [[need]]s in that they can never be [[satisfied]], and do not aim at an [[object]] but rather circle perpetually round it. [[Lacan]] argues that the somatic purpose of the [[drive]] (''[[Triebziel]]'') is not to reach a ''goal'' (bodilya final destination) but to follow its ''aim'' (the way itself), which is to circle round the [[object]].<ref>{{S11}} p.168</ref> Thus the real purpose of the [[drive]] is not some mythical goal of full [[satisfaction]], but to return to its circular path, and the mentalreal source of [[enjoyment]] is the [[repetition|repetitive movement]] of this closed circuit.  ====Drive as Cultural and Symbolic Construct====[[Lacan]] reminds his readers that [[Freud]] defined the [[drive]] as a montage composed of four discontinuous elements: the pressure, the end, the object and the source. The [[drive]] cannot therefore be conceived of as "some ultimate given, something archaic, primordial."<ref>{{S11}} p.162</ref> It consists is a thoroughly [[culture|cultural]] and [[symbolic]] construct. [[Lacan]] thus empties the concept of a quantity the [[drive]] of energy the lingering references in [[Freud]]'s work to energetics and its psychical representativehydraulics.   ==The Freudian Circuit of the Drive==[[Lacan]] incorporates the four elements of the [[drive ]] in his theory of the [[drive]]'s circuit. In this circut, the [[drive]] originates in an [[erogenous zone]]. This circuit is "a constant force structured by the three grammatical voices. # The active voice (e.g. to see) # The reflexive voice (e.g. to see oneself) # The passive voice (e.g. to be seen) ===Activity and Passivity===The first of these two times (active and reflexive voices) are autoerotic; they lack a biological nature[[subject]].  Only in the third time (the passive voice), emanating from organic sourceswhen the [[drive]] completes its circuit, does "a new subject" appear (which is to say that before this time, there was no subject). Although the third time is the passive voice, the [[drive]] is always has essentially active, which is why [[Lacan]] writes that the third time not as "to be seen" but as its aim its own satisfaction through "to make oneself be seen." Even supposedly "passive" phases of the elimination [[drive]] such as [[masochism]] involve [[activity]].<ref>{{S11}} p.200</ref> The circuit of the state [[drive]] is the only way for the [[subject]] to transgress the [[pleasure principle]].  ==The Partial Nature of tension which operates at the source Drives==[[Freud]] argued that [[sexuality]] is composed of a number of [[drive|partial drives]] ([[Ger]]. ''[[drive|Partieltrieb]]'') such as the [[drive|oral drive]] and the [[drive|anal drive itself]], each specified by a different source (a different erotogenic zone). At first these component [[drive]]s function anarchically and independently (viz.the "polymorphous perversity" of children), but in puberty they become organized and fused together under the priamcy of the genital organs.<ref>1972 [1965]: 140{{F}} p.1905d.</ref> ===Differences between Freud and Lacan===[[Lacan]] emphasizes the partial nature of all [[drive]]s, but differs from [[Freud]] on two points: # [[Lacan]] rejects the idea that the partial drives can ever attain any complete organization or fusion, aruging that the priamcy of the genital zone, if achieved, is always a highly precarious affair. : He thus challenges the notion, put forward by some psychoanalysts after [[Freud]], of a genital drive in which the partial drives are completely integrated in a harmonious relation.

===Pressure, Aim, Object, Source===According to # [[FreudLacan]], there are four characteristics of argues that the [[drive]]: its '''pressure'''s are partial, its '''aim''', it's '''object''' and its '''source'''.<ref>1984c [1915]: 118</ref> By '''pressure''' Freud means not in the [[drive]]'s motor factor, sense that is to say, "the amount thy are parts of force or measure of the demand for work which it represents."<ref><ref>1984c [1915]: 118</ref> Exerting '''pressure''' is a characteristic common to all [[drive]]s and represents the [[drive]]'s essence. The '''aim''whole (a ' of the [[genital drive]] is to seek its own satisfaction and it achieves this by removing the source of stimulation. The '''object''' of ), but in the drive is sense that which they only represent sexuality partially; they do not represent the drive attaches itself to in order to achieve its aim. Freud designates a particularly close attachment between the drive and its object as "fixation". Finally, the '''source''' reproductive function of sexuality but only the [[drive]] is "the somatic process which occurs in an organ or part dimension of the [[body]] and whose stimulus is represented in mental life by an instinctenjoyment."<ref>1984c [1915]: 119{{S11}} p.204</ref> The [[drive]], in short, is something that originates within the body and seeks expression in the psyche as representation. Freud is primariluy concerned with the '''aims''' of the [[drive]]]s and how they seek satisfaction.

===LibidoThe Four Partial Drives===The model of the [[FreudLacan]]ian identifies four partial drives: the [[drive|oral drive]] is , the [[libidodrive|anal drive]] - sexual energy - or what is also translated as 'wish' or 'desire'. According to Laplanche and Leclaire, it is the introduction of the [[drive|scopic drive into the sphere of need that marks the distinction between a need ]], and desire: 'the drive introduces into the sphere of need an erotic quality: libido will be substituted for need' (1972 [1965]: 140). [[Libidodrive|invocatory drive]] is the fundamental motive force of human beings; it is unconscious desire which is the organizing principle of all human thought, action and social relations.

===Freud'Each of these [[drive]]s Dualism===Throughout his career Freud maintained is specified by a dualistic theory of drives. In the Project for a Scientific Psychology (1954 different [[1895partial object]]) he distinguished between bound and unbound energy. In Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality (1991d a different [[1905erogenous zone]) Freud distinguished between libido and the ego-instincts, or the drive to self-preservation. Finally, when he came to accept the criticisms of his fellow analysts that the drive to self-preservation was also sexual in nature, he formulated his final great mythopoetic theory of Eros, the pleasure principle, and Thanatos, the death drive, in Beyond the Pleasure Principle (1984b [1920]).

==Jacques Lacan==For The first two [[Lacandrive]]s relate to [[demand]], whereas the Freudian notion of the second pair relate to [[drivedesire]] is probably the single most important contribution of psychoanalysis to the field of human psychology and our understanding of subjectivity.

{| style="width:75%; height:200px" border="1" cellpadding=Drive and Instinct"5" cellspacing="0" align="center"|+ '''[[:Image:Lacan-tablepartialdrives.jpg|Table of partial drives]]'''<BR>! align="center" | !! align="center" | PARTIAL DRIVE !! align="center" | EROGENOUS ZONE !! align="center" | PARTIAL OBJECT !! align="center" | VERB|-| align="center" | D| align="center" | [[Oral]] [[drive]] || align="center" | [[Erogenous zone|Lips]] || align="center" | [[Partial object|Breast]] || align="center" | To suck|-| align="center" | D| align="center" | [[Anal]] [[drive]] || align="center" | [[Erogenous zone|Anus]] || align="center" | [[Partial object|Faeces]] || align="center" | To shit|-| align="center" | d| align="center" | [[LacanScopic]] insisted on the need to retain the Freudian distinction between the [[drive]] and || align="center" | [[Erogenous zone|Eyes]] || align="center" | [[Partial object|Gaze]] || align="center" | To see|-| align="center" | d| align="center" | [[instinctInvocatory]], and in his early work the [[drive]] is closely associated with desire. || align="center" | [[Erogenous zone|Ears]] || align="center" | [[Partial object|Voice]] || align="center" | To hear|}

===Differences with Freud=The Lacanian Matheme for the Drive==In 1957, in the context of the [[graph of desire]], [[Lacan]]proposes the formula ('''S <> D'''s theory of ) as the [[matheme]] for the [[drive]], however, differed from Freud's in two important respects.

This formula is to be read: the [[bar]]ed [[Freudsubject]] argued that sexuality was composed of a series of partial drives which he defined as the oral, anal and phallic phases. These phases become integrated into a single, whole, genital drive after the resolution of the Oedipus complex. Contrary in relation to Freud[[demand]], Lacan argues that all drives are partial in the sense that there is never a single integrated harmonious resolution fading of the drives in [[subject]] before the subject. Furthermore, a partial drive does not represent a part insistence of a singular unified drive, but rather the partiality of the drive in the reproduction of sexuality[[demand]] that persists without any [[conscious]] [[intention]] to sustain it.

From seminar XI onwards Lacan will oppose ==The Dualism of the Drives=====Sigmund Freud: Life and Death===Throughout the various reformulations of drive-theory in [[Freud]]'s work, one constant feature is a basic dualism. At first this dualism was conceived in terms of an opposition between the [[drive|sexual drive]]s (''[[drive|Sexualtriebe]]'') on the one hand, and the [[drive|ego-drive]]s (''[[drive|Ichtriebe]]'') or [[drive|drives of self-preservation]] (''[[drive|Selbsterhaltungstriebe]]'') on the other. This opposition was problematized by [[Freud]]'s growing realization, in the period 1914-20, that the [[drive|ego-drive]]s are themselves sexual. He was thus led to reconceptualize the dualism of the [[drive]]s in terms of an opposition between the [[drive|life drive]]s (''[[drive|Lebenstriebe]]'') and the [[death drive ]]s (''[[death drive|Todostriebe]]''). ===Jacques Lacan: Symbolic and jouissance Imaginary===[[Lacan]] argues that it is important to desireretain [[Freud]]'s dualism, and rejects the monism of [[Jung]], who argued that little piece all psychic forces could be reduced to one single concept of psychic energy.<ref>{{S1}} p.118-20</ref> However, [[Lacan]] prefers to reconceptualize this dualism in terms of an opposition between the [[symbolic]] and the real - [[imaginary]], and not in terms of an oppositio between different kinds of [[drive]]s. Thus, for [[Lacan]], all [[drive]]s are [[drive|sexual drive]]s, and every [[drive]] is a [[death drive]] since every [[drive]] is excessive, [[repetition|repetitive]], and ultimately destructive.<ref>{{Ec}} p.848</ref>  ==Drive and Desire==The [[drive]]s are closely related to [[desire]]; both originate in the field of jouissance - that the [[subject has access ]], as opposed to will be designated the objet petit a[[drive|genital drive]], which (if it exists) finds its form on the side of the [[Other]].<ref>{{S11}} p.189</ref> However, the [[drive]] is not merely another name for [[desire]]: they are the partial aspects in which [desire]] is realized. [[Desire]] is one and undivided, whereas the [[drive]]s are partial manifestations of [[desire]].