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The procedure of [[dream ]] [[interpretation ]] is based on the [[theory ]] of the dream's functions and of the dreamwork outlined in [[Freud]]'s great [[work ]] The Interpretation of [[Dreams ]] (1900a). This book was based in large part on Freud's own [[self]]-[[analysis ]] of 1896-1897, in which [[dream interpretation ]] played a leading [[role ]] (Anzieu, 1975).
For Freud, dream interpretation is based on several basic principles:
* The logic governing the dreamwork is very different from that of waking life, and the dream's manifest content is often incoherent, filled with bizarre or absurd elements.
Interpretation relies on these principles, but it also [[needs ]] the dreamer's [[associations]]. He or she is therefore asked to associate as freely as possible, to elicit details of the day's residues used in the dreamwork, to explicate the displacements and condensations, and to [[understand ]] the [[choice ]] of the [[visual ]] [[images ]] that make up the [[manifest ]] [[content]]. In this way the [[thoughts ]] [[latent ]] beneath that manifest contest, the wishes and conflicts underlying the dream, can be unearthed. Special attention should be paid to bizarre or absurd details, for these indicate points where the dream's work of [[distortion ]] has been less effective. At the same [[time]], however, Freud cautioned against concentrating on the latent and ignoring the [[manifest content ]] (1916-17f).
For Freud, the [[interpretation of dreams ]] was the "via regia," the royal road leading to the [[unconscious]]. On several occasions in The [[Interpretation of Dreams]], he noted that the procedure should be carried to the extreme, yet the examples he provided could hardly be said to adhere to this recommendation—presumably because these are for the most part his own dreams, and he may have been reluctant to expose the most intimate aspects of his personal [[life]]. It is in any [[case ]] doubtful that such an exhaustion of [[meaning ]] is conceivable or even desirable. Dream interpretation may well be the royal road to the unconscious, but the unconscious is inexhaustible. Nor is it desirable for either [[patient ]] or [[analyst ]] to [[claim ]] that the [[moment ]] has arrived when there is [[nothing ]] more to be said.
Finally, there are two points that [[need ]] underscoring:
* Waking interpretation never deals directly with the dream but rather with a dream narrative, that is, a verbal summary of mainly visual images produced in the waking state. The result is often an over-elaboration of the "material" offered for interpretation (Diatkine, 1974).
