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The [[French]] term ''[[parole]]'' presents considerable difficulty to the [[English]] translator because it does not correspond to any one [[English]] [[word]].
In some contexts it corresponds to the [[English]] term "[[speech]]," and in [[others ]] is best translated as "[[word]]."
====Jacques Lacan====
''[[Parole]]'' becomes one of the most important [[terms ]] in [[Lacan]]'s [[work ]] from the early 1950s on.
=====Psychoanalysis=====
In his famous "[[Rome Discourse]]," [[Lacan]] denounces the way that the [[role ]] of [[speech]] in [[psychoanalysis]] had come to be neglected by contemporary [[psychoanalytic theory]], and argues for a renewed focus on [[speech]] and [[language]].<ref>{{L}}. "[[Works of Jacques Lacan|Fonction et champ de la parole et du langage en psychanalyse]]," 1953a, in {{E}} p.237-322. ["[[The Function and Field of Speech and Language in Psychoanalysis]]," in {{E}}. p. 30-113]</ref>
====Influences====
=====Anthropology=====
[[Lacan]]'s [[concept ]] of [[speech]] as a "symbolic [[exchange]]" which "[[links ]] [[human ]] beings to each [[other]]'" <ref>{{S1}} p. 142</ref> is clearly influenced by the work of [[Anthropology|Mauss]] and [[Lévi-Strauss]], especially their [[analysis ]] of the [[Anthropology|exchange of gifts]].
Thus [[Freud]]'s [[interpretation]]s are described as "a symbolic [[gift ]] of speech, pregnant with a [[secret ]] pact."<ref>{{E}} p. 79</ref>
The concept of [[speech]] as a pact which assigns roles to both the addressee and the addresser is formulated in [[Lacan]]'s concept of [[founding speech]].
In 1954, [[Lacan]] discusses [[speech]] with reference to [[St Augustine]]'s ''[[St Augustine|De locutionis signification]]e''.<ref>{{S1}} p. 247-60</ref>
Like the [[words ]] uttered by [[Religion|God]] in [[Religion|Genesis]], [[speech]] is a "[[symbolic|symbolic invocation]]" which creates, ''ex nihilo'', "a new [[order ]] of [[being ]] in the relations between men."<ref>{{S1}} p. 239</ref>
=====Metaphysics=====
[[Lacan]] draws on [[Heidegger]]'s [[distinction ]] between ''[[speech|Rede]]'' (''[[speech|discourse]]'') and ''[[speech|Gerede]]'' (''[[speech|chatter]]'') to elaborate his own distinction between "[[speech|full speech]]" (''[[speech|parole pleine]]'') and "[[speech|empty speech]]" (''[[speech|parole vide]]'').<ref>{{E}} p. 40ff</ref>
[[Lacan]] first makes this distinction in 1953, and though it no longer plays an important part in his work after 1955, it never [[disappears ]] completely.
=====Symbolic and Imaginary [[Dimension]]=====
[[speech|Full speech]] articulates the [[symbolic]] dimension of [[language]], whereas [[empty speech]] articulates the [[imaginary]] dimension of [[language]], the [[speech]] from the [[ego]] to the [[counterpart]].
<blockquote>"[[Full ]] speech is a speech full of [[meaning ]] [sens]. Empty speech is a speech which has only [[signification]]."<ref>{{L}} [[Seminar XXIV|Le Séminaire. Livre XXIV. L'insu que sait de l'une bévue s'aile à mourre, 1976-77]]'', published in ''[[Ornicar?]]'', nos 12-18, 1977-9. p. 11</ref></blockquote>
=====Truth of Desire=====
[[Speech|Full speech]] is also called "[[speech|true speech]]," since it is closer to the enigmatic [[truth]] of the [[subject]]'s [[desire]]:
<blockquote>"Full speech is speech which aims at, which forms, the truth such as it becomes established in the [[recognition ]] of one person by [[another]]. Full speech is speech which performs [''qui fait [[acte]]'']."<ref>{{S1}} p. 107</ref></blockquote>
<blockquote>"Full speech, in effect, is defined by its [[identity ]] with that which it speaks [[about]]."<ref>{{Ec}} p. 381</ref></blockquote>
In [[speech|empty speech]], on the other hand, the [[subject]] is [[alienated]] from his [[desire]]; in [[speech|empty speech]] "the subject seems to be talking in vain about someone who . . . can never become one with the assumption of his desire."<ref>{{E}} p. 45</ref>
=====Analytic Treatment=====
One of the [[analyst]]'s tasks when [[listening ]] to the [[analysand]] is to discern the moments when [[speech|full speech]] emerges.
[[speech|Full speech]] and [[speech|empty speech]] are the extreme points on a continuum, and "between these two extremes, a [[whole ]] gamut of modes of realisation of speech is deployed."<ref>{{S1}} p. 50</ref>
The [[end of analysis|aim]] of [[psychoanalytic treatment]] is to articulate [[speech|full speech]], which is hard work; [[speech|full speech]] can be quite laborious (''pénible'') to articulate.<ref>{{E}} p. 253</ref>
It is never possible to articulate in [[speech]] the whole [[truth]] of one's [[desire]] because of a fundamental "incompatibility between desire and speech."<ref>{{E}} p. 275</ref>.
<blockquote>"I always tell the truth; not the whole truth, because we are not capable of telling it all. Telling it all is materially [[impossible]]."<ref>{{TV}} p.9</ref></blockquote>
[[Speech|Full speech]], then, is not the articulation in [[speech]] of the whole [[truth]] about the [[subject]]'s [[desire]], but the [[speech]] which articulates this truth as fully as possible at a [[particular ]] [[time]].
[[Speech]] is the only means of access to the [[truth]] about [[desire]].
