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Whatever the [[situation]] may have been, through his work with [[hysterics]], Freud discovered [[transference]], [[resistance]], and the therapeutic framework. In spite of their shared [[pessimism]], Freud was careful to distinguish himself from Schopenhauer in his conception of the death impulse. Also, Freud's [[metapsychology]] cannot be confused with a [[weltanschauung]] (worldview), which characterized Schopenhauer's work as far as Freud was concerned.
When Jacques [[Lacan]] attempted to define an [[ethics]] of psychoanalysis, he questioned Kant's conception of [[morality]]. Although he, like Kant, tried to ground ethics in something unconditioned that is distinct from the Sovereign [[Good]], he rejected the Kantian [[choice]] between [[duty]] and the [[categorical imperative]]. Similarly, he rejects the [[notion]] that an [[ethics of psychoanalysis]] should be a morality of the [[superego]]. For Lacan, the [[truth]] of Kant's Critique of [[Practical]] [[Reason]] is found in the marquis de [[Sade]]'s Philosophy in the Bedroom (1990) and, more particularly, in his long [[theoretical]] chapter "One more try for the republicans" (Lacan, 1966). The Sadean imperative of [[enjoyment]], "You should seek enjoyment," is a fulfillment of the Kantian [[Categorical Imperative|categorical imperative]]. For Lacan, enjoyment is beyond [[pleasure]], or rather, it is the extreme of pleasure, "to the extent that this extreme consists in forcing access to the '[[Thing]]' (das [[Ding]])" (Lacan, 1986), that is, the absolute [[Other]] of the lost [[subject]]. Hence, [[The Ethics of Psychoanalysis|the ethics of psychoanalysis ]] [[needs]] to be grounded somewhere else: in [[desire]] itself. If there is a law of [[desire,]] Lacan's associated imperative would be, "Do not give in to your desire." It remains to be determined what this desire is: pure desire, desire of [[castration]], desire of death (Guyomard, 1992)?
For a [[number]] of [[philosophers]] who [[want]] to bring psychoanalysis within the fold of the metaphysics of [[subjectivity]], Kant and Schopenhauer are two [[links]] in a [[chain]] that, by way of [[Spinoza]] and others, joins Freud and Lacan to [[Descartes]] (Henry, 1993; Vaysse, 1999).
