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Some authors have examined dependence in the [[treatment]] of borderline states, following Winnicott, who emphasized the [[danger]] of underestimating the [[transference]] dependence in this type of [[case]] as part of the [[counter-transference]] risks of his [[interpretation]]. He, like Balint, cautions against an overly systematic interpretation of transference dependence, introducing the risk of reinforcing the dependence—especially oral dependence—of the [[patient]] on the [[analyst]], and the latter's omnipotence. Otto Kernberg, [[working]] with narcissistic [[patients]], describes their inability to depend on the analyst from the beginning of [[therapy]], which can be compared to the [[fear]] of "giving in to dependence" described by Masud Khan.
In contemporary [[psychiatric]] clinics there has been a recategorization and [[clinical]] reassessment of dependence. The term is no longer only applied to drug [[addiction]], alcohol or tobacco dependence, and so on, but tends to define a [[biological]]-[[psychological]]-behavioral syndrome that is very broad and includes those states as well as pharmacodependence. The concept of "addiction," which is very similar to that of dependence, is an indication of this broadening. Thus the pathological behaviors in which an act of [[incorporation]] (often but not exclusively through use of a toxic object) allows [[The Subject|the subject ]] to relieve the [[internal]] tension by short-circuiting a threatening mental condition are grouped under the term "addiction." These include alcoholic and drug-related [[behavior]], [[bulimia]] (and [[anorexia]]), as well as addictions that do not involve the ingestion of a product ([[games]] of [[chance]], shopping sprees, [[sexual]] addiction), and even relational dependence.
BÉNÉDICTE BONNET-VIDON
