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[[Image:Melanie Klein.jpg|right|thumb|Melanie Klein]]
'''Melanie Klein''' ([[March 30]] [[1882]] – [[September 22]] [[1960]]) was an Austrian [[psychoanalysis | psychotherapist]].
Born in [[Vienna]], she built on the work of [[Sigmund Freud]], particularly in the area of [[child psychology]]. Klein is one of the cofounders of [[object relations theory]].
Invited by [[Ernest Jones]], Melanie Klein came to [[London]] in 1926, where she worked until her death in 1960.
Klein's theoretical work gradually centered on a highly speculative hypothesis propounded by Freud, which stated that life may be an [[anomaly]], that it is drawn toward an [[inorganic]] state, and therefore, in an unspecified sense, contains an instinct to die. In psychological terms [[Eros (Freud)|Eros]], the sustaining and uniting principle of life, is thereby postulated to have a companion force, [[Thanatos]], which seeks to terminate and disintegrate life.
Examining ultra-[[aggression|aggressive]] fantasies of hate, envy, and greed in very young, very ill children, Melanie Klein put forth the interpretation that the human psyche is in a constant oscillation depending on whether Eros or Thanatos is in the fore. She calls the state of the psyche, when the sustaining principle of life is in domination, the [[depressive position]]. The psychological state corresponding to the disintegrating tendency of life she gives the name the [[paranoid-schizoid position]].
Melanie Klein's insistence on regarding aggression as an important force in its own right when analyzing children brought her into conflict with [[Anna Freud]], the other major child psychotherapist working in England at the time. Many controversies arose from this conflict.
==Literature==
Melanie Klein's collected works are encapsulated in two volumes:
*''Love, Guilt and Reparation: And Other Works 1921-1945'', Paperback, Free Press 2002
*Envy and Gratitude
Also:
*The Psycho-Analysis of Children (1932)
'''Other books on Melanie Klein''':
*C. Fred Alford, ''Melanie Klein and Critical Social Theory: An Account of Politics, Art, and Reason Based on Her Psychoanalytic Theory'', Yale UP 1990
*P. Grosskurth, ''Melanie Klein: Her World and Her Work'', Karnac Books 1987 - A thorough biography
*Robert Hinshelwood, Susan Robinson, Oscar Zarate, ''Introducing Melanie Klein'', Icon Books UK 2003
*Meira Likierman, "Melanie Klein, Her Work in Context" Continuum International, Paperback, 2002
*Jacqueline Rose, ''Why War?-- Psychoanalysis, Politics, and the Return to Melanie Klein'', Blackwell Publishers 1993
== See also ==
* [[projective identification]]
* [http://www.melanie-klein-trust.org.uk/ Melanie Klein official website]
* [http://www.psikeba.com.ar/recursos/autores/klein.htm Melanie Klein en Psikeba]
[[Category:1882 births|Klein, Melanie]]
[[Category:1960 deaths|Klein, Melanie]]
[[Category:Psychologists|Klein, Melanie]]
[[Category:Psychoanalysts|Klein, Melanie]]
[[Category:People]]
[[Category:Psychoanalysis]]
'''Melanie Klein''' ([[March 30]] [[1882]] – [[September 22]] [[1960]]) was an Austrian [[psychoanalysis | psychotherapist]].
Born in [[Vienna]], she built on the work of [[Sigmund Freud]], particularly in the area of [[child psychology]]. Klein is one of the cofounders of [[object relations theory]].
Invited by [[Ernest Jones]], Melanie Klein came to [[London]] in 1926, where she worked until her death in 1960.
Klein's theoretical work gradually centered on a highly speculative hypothesis propounded by Freud, which stated that life may be an [[anomaly]], that it is drawn toward an [[inorganic]] state, and therefore, in an unspecified sense, contains an instinct to die. In psychological terms [[Eros (Freud)|Eros]], the sustaining and uniting principle of life, is thereby postulated to have a companion force, [[Thanatos]], which seeks to terminate and disintegrate life.
Examining ultra-[[aggression|aggressive]] fantasies of hate, envy, and greed in very young, very ill children, Melanie Klein put forth the interpretation that the human psyche is in a constant oscillation depending on whether Eros or Thanatos is in the fore. She calls the state of the psyche, when the sustaining principle of life is in domination, the [[depressive position]]. The psychological state corresponding to the disintegrating tendency of life she gives the name the [[paranoid-schizoid position]].
Melanie Klein's insistence on regarding aggression as an important force in its own right when analyzing children brought her into conflict with [[Anna Freud]], the other major child psychotherapist working in England at the time. Many controversies arose from this conflict.
==Literature==
Melanie Klein's collected works are encapsulated in two volumes:
*''Love, Guilt and Reparation: And Other Works 1921-1945'', Paperback, Free Press 2002
*Envy and Gratitude
Also:
*The Psycho-Analysis of Children (1932)
'''Other books on Melanie Klein''':
*C. Fred Alford, ''Melanie Klein and Critical Social Theory: An Account of Politics, Art, and Reason Based on Her Psychoanalytic Theory'', Yale UP 1990
*P. Grosskurth, ''Melanie Klein: Her World and Her Work'', Karnac Books 1987 - A thorough biography
*Robert Hinshelwood, Susan Robinson, Oscar Zarate, ''Introducing Melanie Klein'', Icon Books UK 2003
*Meira Likierman, "Melanie Klein, Her Work in Context" Continuum International, Paperback, 2002
*Jacqueline Rose, ''Why War?-- Psychoanalysis, Politics, and the Return to Melanie Klein'', Blackwell Publishers 1993
== See also ==
* [[projective identification]]
* [http://www.melanie-klein-trust.org.uk/ Melanie Klein official website]
* [http://www.psikeba.com.ar/recursos/autores/klein.htm Melanie Klein en Psikeba]
[[Category:1882 births|Klein, Melanie]]
[[Category:1960 deaths|Klein, Melanie]]
[[Category:Psychologists|Klein, Melanie]]
[[Category:Psychoanalysts|Klein, Melanie]]
[[Category:People]]
[[Category:Psychoanalysis]]
