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Language
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=====Translation=====
It is important to note that the English word "[[language]]" corresponds to two [[French]] [[words]]: ''[[langue]]'' and ''[[langage]]''.
When [[reading]] [[Lacan]] in English it is therefore essential to be aware of which term is used in the original French; most of the [[time]] the French term will be ''[[langage]]''.
=====Psychoanalytic Experience=====
Between 1936 and 1949 references to [[language]] are sparse, but they are significant; already in 1936, for example, [[Lacan]] emphasizes that [[language]] is constitutive of the [[psychoanalytic]] [[experience]],<ref>{{Ec}} p.82</ref> and in 1946 he argues that it is [[impossible]] to [[understand]] [[madness]] without addressing the problem of [[language]].<ref>{{Ec}} p. 166</ref>
[[Lacan]]'s comments on [[language]] at this time do not contain any references to a specific [[linguistics|linguistic theory]], and instead are dominated by [[philosophy|philosophical allusions]], mainly in [[terms]] derived from [[Hegel]].
Thus he insists that [[langage]] is not a nomenclature.<ref>{{Ec}} p. 166</ref>
=====Anthropology and Phenomenology=====
From 1950 to 1954 [[language]] begins to occupy the central [[position]] that it will hold in [[Lacan]]'s work thereafter.
In this period, [[Lacan]]'s [[discussion]] of [[language]] is dominated by references to [[Heideggerian]] [[phenomenology]] and, more importantly, to the [[anthropology]] of [[language]] ([[Anthropology|Maus, Malinowski, and Lévi-Strauss]].
[[Language]] is thus seen as [[structure|structuring]] the [[law|social laws of exchange]], as a symbolic pact, etc.
====="The Unconscious is Structured like a Language"=====
Between 1955 and 1970 [[language]] takes center [[stage]] and [[Lacan]] develops his classic [[thesis]] that "the unconscious is [[structured]] like a language."<ref>{{S11}} p. 20</ref>
It is in this period that the names [[Ferdinand de Saussure]] and [[Roman Jakobson]] come to the fore in [[Lacan]]'s [[Works of Jacques Lacan|work]].
''[[language|Langage]]'' becomes, for [[Lacan takes from Lévi-Strauss ]], the idea that the social world is structured by certain laws which regulate kinship relations and the exchange single paradigm of gifts (see also Mauss, 1923)all [[structures]].
[[Lacan]] then argues that the [[unconscious]] is, like [[language]], a [[structure]] of [[signifiers]], which also allows [[Lacan]] to formulate the [[category]] of the [[symbolic]] with greater precision.
In 1969 [[Lacan]] develops a concept of [[discourse]] as a kind of [[discourse|social bond]].
One consequence of [[Lacan]]'s emphasis on [[language]] is his recommendation that the [[analyst]] must attend to the [[formal]] features of the [[analysand]]'s [[speech]] (the [[signifiers]]), and not be sidetracked into an empathic attitude baseed on an [[imaginary]] [[understanding]] of the [[content]] (the [[signified]]).
=====Symbolic and Imaginary Dimensions=====
One common misconception of [[Lacan]] is that [[language]] is synonymous with the [[symbolic]] [[order]].
This is, however, not correct; [[Lacan]] argues that [[language]] has both a [[symbolic]] and an [[imaginary]] [[dimension]].
<blockquote>"There is something in [[the symbolic]] function of human discourse that cannot be eliminated, and that is the [[role]] played in it by [[the imaginary]]."<ref>{{S2}} p.306</ref></blockquote>
The [[Jacques Lacansymbolic|symbolic dimension]] is most famous for his attempt to formalize [[psychoanalysis]].[[Jacques Lacan]] laid an emphasis on of [[language]] in his attempt to formalize [[psychoanalysis]].[[Jacques Lacan]] describes is that of the [[unconscious]] as a kind of [[discoursesignifier]]: the and [[discourse of the Otherspeech|true speech]].
The [[imaginary]] dimension of [[language]] is that of the [[signified]], [[signification]], and [[speech|empty speech]].
[[Jacques LacanSchema L]] argued that represents these two dimensions of [[castration]] is a decisive moment in the [[developmentlanguage]] by means of the [[speaking]] [[subject]]two axes which intersect.
The axis '''A-S''' is [[language]] in its [[symbolic|symbolic dimension]]], the [[discourse]] of the [[Other]], the [[unconscious]].
In [[Lacan]]'s words, "language is as much there to be found in the Other as to drastically prevent us from understanding him.<ref>{{S2}} p. 244</ref>
=====Languages and Codes=====
[[Lacan]] distinguishes between [[language]]s and [[code]]s; unlike [[code]]s, in [[language]] there is no [[stable]] one-to-one correspondence between [[sign]] and [[sign|referent]], nor between [[signified]] and [[signifier]].
It is this property of [[language]] which gives rise to the inherent ambiguity of all [[discourse]], which can only be [[interpreted]] by playing on the homophony and other forms of equivocation (''l'équivoque'').
==References==
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[[Category:Linguistics]]
[[Category:Language]]
[[Category:Symbolic]]