In psychiatry 1890 the term "science of language" had not yet become "general linguistics," the "fundamental science" of the humanities it would become following the work of Ferdinand de Saussure (1857-1913). Philologists studied <i>scripta</i>psychosis(written traces) and the history of languages but not their origins or that of the original language (<i>Ursprache</i>), first used a search that was felt to be irrelevant to refer the science of language, according to mental illnesses the first article of the bylaws of the Société linguistique de Paris, composed in general1866.From the point of view of linguistics, Hans Sperber's article on the "sexual origins of language" (1912) was later restricted to more an application of Freudian theory than a form of linguistic research.Émile Benveniste's rebuttal of Carl Abel's claims about the opposite meanings of words ("Über den Gegensinn der Urworte," 1885) starts from the major clinical formssame point: schizophreniaThe discursive use of the euphemism or antiphrasis does not justify this claim. Moreover, chronic and delusional psychosesthere is no primitive language as far as linguists are concerned. Language is a system of signs, articulated through a process of differentiation, that organizes the first representation of the world by and manic-depressive psychosesfor the speaking subject. Unlike At the neuroticbeginning of the twentieth century, the psychotic subject does not distinction "criticize<i>langage/langue</i>" —language as spoken versus language as system—used by de Saussure in his classes and published in the disorders of <i>Course on General Linguistics</i> after his or her thoughtdeath (1916), was not widely known. In 1845 Baron Ernst von Feuchtersleben used Some philologists, however, became interested in spoken language, in everyday words, in the nature of the term "system" or internal structure of language (<i>psychosislangue</i> to refer to mental illness in his manual of medical psychology). At the end By collecting slips of the nineteenth centurytongue, alienists defined psychosis as Rudolf Meringer (1895) attempted to determine the loss laws of reason evolution and mental alienation.Psychoanalysis seeks less to categorize mental illnesses than to identify their structures and mechanisms. A structural and dynamic definition the internal operation of psychosis must be conceived on <i>Sprachorganismus</i> (the basis organism of a primary disturbance of the libidolanguage), comparing it to Freud's "language apparatus" (1891b). Freud borrowed eight examples from Meringer's relationship to realitycorpus, through splitting including the opening and closing remarks of the reconstruction president of an alternative, delusional realityparliament (1901b). Eugen Bleuler, influenced Meringer failed to be amused (1907) by psychoanalysisFreud's admiration for the quoted text. Freud in return wrote an ironic comment (1910e), characterized schizophrenia as a dissociation distancing himself from Meringer on the basis of their divergent understanding of slips of thought through withdrawal into the self, or autismtongue. He posited as its basis splittingThe two men held different points of view: Meringer prefigured the Saussurian break entailing the internal synchronic description of the structure of languages (that is, linked to a loosening at the time of associative texturespoken use). Skirted around by Sigmund Freud, who preferred the term His insistence on speech (<i>paraphreniaparole</i>)—which revealed the underlying structure—implied an emphasis on orality, the primary characteristic of languages.De Saussure thus gave the world approximately five thousand languages and rejected the notion of schizophrenia nevertheless became standard within psychiatry and psychoanalysis"primitive" languages, which were languages with no written tradition. A second variety of chronic psychosisAccording to de Saussure, paranoiaa language should be considered a highly organized structure, is characterized by systematic delusions (delusions a "system of persecutioninternal relations, jealous delusions" whose elements were arbitrary and differential and could be analyzed along two different axes: the paradigmatic (or associative) axis, erotomaniathe axis of elements that were "absent"; and the syntagmatic axis, delusions the axis of grandeur), elements that were "present." These elements were defined in negative terms: "In language there is only difference." On theplane of
predominance sound as well as on the plane of interpretationmeaning, and each element is what the absence others are not (this was de Saussure's concept of intellectual deterioration.In Manuscript H (1894), Freud designated three conditions as psychoses: hallucinatory confusion, paranoia, and hysterical psychosis (which he distinguished from hysterical neurosis"value"). In his texts on the neuropsychoses of defense ("The Neuro-Psychoses axis of Defence" [1894a] and "Further Remarks on the Neuro-Psychoses spoken chain can be used to postulate the temporal linearity of Defence" [1896b]the sound (or acoustic)aspect of signs, he took the distinction between neurosis and psychosis as given. From his earliest writingsthat is, he undertook to characterize the psychopathology "linearity of the psychoses through his successive theories of the psychic apparatussignifier. His only study of " A language is, thus, a case set of psychosis is his commentary articulatory, acoustic, and representative (or symbolic) conventions that are socially imposed on Daniel Schreber's the speaker, a <i>Memoirs of My Nervous IllnessWeltanschauung</i>, a treasure deposited in the individual by the mass of speakers. Freud's correspondence with Carl Gustav Jung illustrates The same position is found in the development of Freudian doctrine between 1909 work ofÉdouard Pichon (linguist and 1911psychoanalyst, and founding member of the essays "On Narcissism: An Introduction" (1914)Paris Psychoanalytic Society, "Fetishism" (1927then its president in 1938), and from whom Jacques Lacan borrowed the idea of "The Loss of Reality in Neurosis and Psychosisforeclosure" (1924<i>Verwerfung</i>) show the further elaboration of his theories.Freud examined the individualFrom de Saussure's relationship to reality from the vantage point of a consideration of the libidinal cathexes. In the psychoseswork, Lacan derived the loss concepts of reality—and the changed relationship to others following a radical decathexis of the objects of everyday reality ("the end treasure of the worldsignifiers," for Schreber)—must necessarily be considered in the unconscious structured as a way other than descriptivelanguage, taking into account and the attempted reorganization condition of reality by the psychotic processesunconscious.All psychoses are characterized by From Roman Jakobson (1963) he derived the coexistence concepts of two attitudes: one that takes reality into accountmetaphor (paradigmatic) and metonymy (syntagmatic), and another that "this same ego, under reworked the influence concepts of condensation and displacement. Lacan also borrowed from de Saussure the id, withdraws from a piece idea of reality" (1924e, p. 183). Delusions affirm the subject's belief in the existence arbitrariness of an alternative reality that restores the primitive cathexes that archaically linked childhood awareness with an early love objectsign and its duality: signified and signifier. The reconstruction of reality in accordance with signified is the mental image, the concept; the "desires" of signifier the id expresses both a defensive cancellation and a reparative forceacoustic image (or phonetic form). This entails a process whose psychotic manifestation relationship is reversed and hierarchized in no way excludes rearticulation in terms of the mechanisms defined by psychoanalysis. Thus, in Freud'Lacan (S/s view, hallucinatory psychosis could be considered as the expression of ) with an imaginary maintaining extreme (non-linguistic) expansion of an early reality whose loss the ego finds unbearablesignifier. This theorization requires the refinement of concepts such as regression, which Saussurian arbitrariness—which is above all conceived as a function of development of what makes his work so original—does not refer to the ego and lack of the libido: In the one case, regression leads to primary narcissism, motivation between object and sign (word) (<i>Sache/Zeichen</i>) discussed in the otherPlato's <i>Cratylus</i>, but to hallucinatory wish fulfillment.Initially, Melanie Klein, like Karl Abraham, tended the absence of a one-to base her clinical work on a psychopathological theory -one relation between elements of the points system of fixation signifieds and temporal regression of the libidosignifiers. In addition to this temporal regression, Freud distinguished a topographical regression that made it possible to compare the mechanisms The concept of dreams with those put into play in psychosis. "In schizophreniadouble articulation" (Martinet, it is words that become the object of elaboration by the primary process; in the other, the dream, it is the thing-presentations1960/1964) demonstrates this: representations of things for linguists no meaning can be attributed to which the words have leda phoneme or letter, something a linguist shaped by psychoanalysis like Ivan Fonagy (1970) rejects." In schizophreniaFor Fonagy, for example, circulation is cut off between the preconscious cathexis of words language and unconscious thing-presentations. The fundamental mechanism of paranoia is projection. The feeling of hatred toward the object is projected outward , language and then turned back onto the subject in the form of persecutory hatreddrive, are contiguous.In The same was true for Pichon, the final stage of his workauthor, in describing the splitting of the egowith Jacques Damourette, Freud was on the way to defining an original mechanism of the repudiation of reality in psychosis: denial a voluminous grammar text and a large number of articles. It was Pichon who created the reality of castration. This notion concepts of the <i>Verleugnungpensée-langage</i> (denial) of castration, which he opposed to repression, goes back to reflects the primal experience separation of loss. Thusform and content, Jacques Lacan, taking up the term and <i>Verwerfungsexuisemblance</i> , which reflects the connection between gender and sex. His work on negation (rejection1928) in his discussion of and the grammatical person (1938), criticized by Benveniste as too "Wolf Manpsychological," translated serves as the German <i>Verwerfung</i> as <i>foreclosure</i> premise for the concept of the "shifter" in Jakobson's work, and, research on the basis of this notion of a primordial excision of a fundamental signifier"enunciation" for Benveniste. Among linguists, elaborated his conceptualization including contemporary linguists who speak of psychosis. The phallus as the signifier (re)introduction of castration is not inscribed within the symbolic order. Not integrated subject into their field (through pragmatics, the psychotic's unconsciousanalysis of meaning or discourse), it returns the subject is always (or almost always) a controlling intentional subject. The failure to the realidentify intentionality, moreover, especially in is what ended the phenomenon Saussurian analysis of hallucinations. Through Lacan's paternal metaphoranagrams (the search for a proper name buried—disseminated—in the poetic chain), it although they can be considered that foreclosure of understood as a search for an unconscious subject.This conscious and controlling subject marks the Name-of-the-Father difference between linguistics and psychoanalysis. Here, their epistemological terrain is distinct. Linguists and psychoanalysts apprehend the hole in the symbolic that is inherent same words in all psychosesdifferent ways.The psychoanalytic elaboration of Linguists first try to describe languages and construct a scientific theory concerning chronic and delusional psychoses runs up against the difficulty and complexity of a concrete their workings. Their concern is one of generalized objectivity, which could be described as an Aristotelian approach. It becomes diversified into a theoretical eclecticism bringing together the considerations through which each school of thoughtConsequently, and indeed each analystthey attempt to eliminate any subjectivity, refines and consolidates while psychoanalysts acknowledge it as part of the foundations process of association. The analysts' goal is not to put forth a theory of language but of the transference relationshipunconscious. For all This is why there are so many differences between the intrinsic interest two fields in spite of the original viewpoints many borrowings by psychoanalysts from linguists (philologists for Freud) in the first half of John Nthe twentieth century. RosenToday, Frieda Fromm-Reichmannhowever, Marguerite Sechehayethe situation is reversing itself, Gisela Pankow, Gaetano Benedetti, or Piera Aulagnier, among others, it is impossible to recognize their particular relevance without having access to and some psychoanalysts consider the specific techniques used in their respective therapeutic approaches.Through a near "psychotic transferenceassimilation" that moves from extreme avoidance of the mental apparatus to the language apparatus to be a relationship that is almost one of mergingfailure (Green, 1984, 1989). Moreover, demands are placed on the analyst that touch his or her own archaic unconscious dispositions; "falling in love-hate" number of linguists and semiologists who acknowledge the preponderance influence of narcissistic investment over object investment make it difficult to managepsychoanalytic theory in the humanities is growing. What place does this relationship have within For example, research on the complexity of medicationcontiguity between these two fields (Michel Arrivé, Jean-basedClaude Milner) has been conducted by linguists who have undergone analysis or who are analysts themselves; they have introduced psychoanalytic ideas into research on sign systems, writing, institutionalenunciation, or readaptive approaches? Analytic theory must certainly be remembered in a variegated context (familiesmodes of text analysis, care-giversmeaning, recipients of care) if one wants to maintain a certain structural coherenceand so forth. Links between the fields exist despite the fact that their founders never met. José BlegerFreud may have seen de Saussure's notion of <i>framework</i>, Lacanname quoted by Meringer; de Saussure may have seen Freud's of in a report on <i>historizationThe Interpretation of Dreams</i>, and the understanding written by one of transference and counter-transference—both individual and institutional—must always be implemented when his colleagues at the challenge University of treating Geneva (Théodore Flournoy). And although Freud never read de Saussure, it is certain that he heard him referred to as the psychoses is undertaken. ==See Also==* [[Ego Psychology and Psychosis]] * [[Foreclosure]] * [[Historical truth]] * [[Hypochondria]] * [[Indications "father" and contraindications for psychoanalysis for an adult]] * [[Infantile psychosis]] * [[Mathilde, case author of]] * [[Paranoia]] * [[Paranoid psychosis]] * [[Paraphrenia]] * [[Persecution]] * [[Psychotic/neurotic]] * [[Schreber, Daniel Paul]] * [[Symbolization, process the <i>Course of]] ==References==General Linguistics<references/i># Freud, Sigmund. (1894a). The neuro-psychoses For one of defence. SEFreud's patients was Raymond de Saussure, 3: 41-61.# ——. (1896b). Further remarks on the neuro-psychoses son of defence. SEFerdinand, 3: 157-185.# ——. (1911c [1910]). Psycho-analytic notes on an autobiographical account of and Freud wrote a case of paranoia (dementia paranoides). SE, 12: 1-82.# ——. (1914c). On narcissism: An introduction. SE, 14: 67-102.# ——. (1924e). preface to Raymond's <i>The loss of reality in neurosis and psychosis. SE, 19: 180-187.# ——. (1927e). Fetishism. SE, 21: 147-157.# ——. (1974a [1906-13]). The FreudPsychoanalytic Method</Jung letters: The correspondence between Sigmund Freud and C. G. Jung i> (William, McGuire, Ed]] * [[Ralph Manheim and R. F. C. Hull, Trans.1922). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.# Lacan, Jacques. (1966). On a question preliminary to any possible treatment of psychosis. InÉcrits: A Selection (Alan Sheridan, Trans.). New York and London: W. W. Nortonwhere his father's book is mentioned. [[Category:New]]
