Changes

==School==[[Ego-psychology]] is a [[school]] of [[Sigmund Freud|post-Freudian]] [[psychoanalysis]], derived from [[psychology|child psychology]], [[Freud]]'s [[topology|second topography]] and [[Anna Freud]]'s work on the [[ego]] and its [[defence]]s. It is based on an elaboration of [[Freud]]'s [[structure|structural model]] of the [[mind]], which focuses almost entirely on the function of the [[ego]] in mediating between the conflicting [[demand]]s of the [[instinctual]] [[id]], the [[moralistic]] [[superego]] and [[external]] [[reality]].

It is based on an elaboration ==Autonomous Ego==Founded by European immigrants, this [[school]] of psychoanalysis overemphasized [[Freudadaptation|adjustment]]'s and [[structure|structural modeladaptation]] of the individual to existing social conditions. In the view of the American analysts the [[mindego]]is to be protected, which focuses almost entirely on the function job of analysis is to reinforce the [[ego]] in mediating between against the conflicting [[demand]]s of the [[instinctual]] [[id]], the [[moralistic]] [[superego]] and [[external]] [[reality]]. [[ego-psychology|Ego-psychologists]], like [[Heinz Hartmann]], [[Ernst Kris]] and [[Rudolph Loewenstein]], asserted that the [[ego]] had an aspect that was not tied up with the individual's [[neurosis|neurotic]] conflicts. There was a conflict-free zone (the "[[autonomous ego]]"), which seemed free to act and choose, independent of constraints.

Founded ==History==[[Ego-psychology]] was taken to the [[United States]] by European immigrantsthe Austrian analysts who emigrated there in the late 1930s, this sort and since the early 1950s it has been the dominant school of [[psychoanalysis overemphasized adjustment and adaptation ]] not only in the [[United States]] but also in the whole of the individual [[IPA]]. This position of dominance has enabled [[ego-psychology]] to existing social conditionspresent itself as the inheritor of [[Freud]]ian [[psychoanalysis]] in its purist form, when in fact there are radical differences between some of its tenets and [[Freud]]'s work.

In the view For much of the American analysts the ego is to be protected, the job of analysis is to reinforce the ego against the demands made on it by the double call of the superego and the id. Ego-psychologistshis professional life, like Heinz Hartmann, Ernst Kris and Rudolph Loewenstein, asserted that the ego had an aspect that was not tied up with the individual's neurotic conflicts. There was a conflict-free zone (the "[[autonomous egoLacan]]"), which seemed free to act and choose, independent of constraints. In their view the disputed [[analystego-psychology]]'s role was claim to become an ally of be the 'healthy' [[ego]] forces in their struggle true heir to dominate the Freudian legacy, even though [[instinctLacan]]'s and [[drive]]s. It was said that the [[patientanalyst]], in order to strengthen his or her "[[autonomous egoRudolph Loewenstein]]", should identify with the was one of [[ego]] of the [[psychoanalyst]]. Hence it was the [[analyst-psychology]]'s job to develop a powerful [[ego]]founding fathers.<!-- After [[Heinz HartmannLacan]]'s ''was expelled from the [[Ego Psychology and the Problem of AdaptationIPA]]'' (1939) is regarded as the foundational text in 1953, he was free to voice his criticisms of [[ego-psychology]]. [[Hartmann]] was convinced that openly, and during the innate elements rest of his life he developed a "conflict-free" sphere allow the [[ego]] to function autonomously sustained and independently powerful critique. Much of mental conflict. According to [[HartmannLacan]], psychoanalytic treatment aims ian theory cannot be properly understood without reference to expand the conflict-free sphere of ego functioning. By doing so, [[Hartmann]] believed, [[psychoanalysis]] facilitates [[adaptation]], that is, more effective mutual regulation ideas of [[ego-psychology]] and [[environment]]. [[Treatment]] tends to be based on the establishment of a therapeutic alliance in with which the [[patient]] [[identifies]] with the strong [[ego]] of the [[analystLacan]]contrasts it. --> <!-- His criticisms of [[Egoego-psychology]] was taken to are often intertwined with his criticisms of the [[United StatesIPA]] which was dominated by the Austrian analysts who emigrated there in the late 1930s, and since the early 1950s it has been the dominant school of this particular [[psychoanalysis]] not only in the [[United Statesschool]] but also in the whole of the thought. [[IPALacan]]. This position of dominance has enabled presents both [[ego-psychology]] to present itself as and the inheritor of [[FreudIPA]]ian as the "antithesis" of true psychoanalysis.<ref>{{E}} p.l16</ref> [[psychoanalysisLacan]] in its purist form, when in fact there are radical differences between some argues that both were irremediably corrupted by the culture of its tenets and the United States (see [[Freudfactor c]]'s work). For much of his professional life, [[Lacan]] disputed [[ego-psychology]]'s claim to be the true heir to powerful critique has meant that few people now accept uncritically the Freudian legacy, even though [[Lacan]]'s [[analyst]], [[Rudolph Loewenstein]], was one claims of [[ego-psychology]]'s founding fathersto identify itself as "classical psychoanalysis. " -->

<!-- For much of his professional life, ==Criticism==[[Lacan]] disputed [[ego-psychology]]'s claim to be the true heir to the Freudian legacyattacks this position with many arguments. After [[Lacan]] was expelled from the [[IPA]] in 1953First, he was free to voice his criticisms of criticizes the [[ego-psychology|ego-psychologist]] openly, and during the rest 's concept of his life he developed a sustained and powerful critique. Much "healthy part" of [[Lacan]]ian theory cannot be properly understood without reference to the ideas of [[ego-psychology]] with . How, asks Lacan, can they know which [[Lacan]] contrasts it. --><!-- "part" is "healthy"? [[Lacan]] challenged all the central concepts of [[ego-psychology]], such as the concepts of [[adaptation]] and the [[autonomous ego]]. -->[[Lacan]] attacks this position with many arguments. First, he criticizes the ego-psychologist's concept of a "healthy part" of the [[ego]]. How, asks Lacan, can they know which "part" is "healthy"? Does this not assume that the purpose of [[analysis]] is achieved by an [[identification]] with the [[analyst]]'s [[ego]]? Is the [[goal]] of [[psychoanalysis]] to bring the [[patient]] to see the world as the [[analyst]] sees it? [[Lacan]] traces most of [[ego-psychology]]'s problems and contradictions to the idea that there is an "objective", "[[knowledge|knowable]]" [[reality]].

For [[Lacan]], the [[ego ]] is the enemy. The origin of the [[ego ]] is in the [[mirror phase]]. The [[mirror]], held by the [[mother]], proffers the developmentally half-formed and muscularly uncontrolled child its first idea of itself as a stable unified appearance. The [[ego ]] is constituted by "alienating identifications[[identification]]s". [[Lacan]]'s own conception of the [[ego ]] suggests that it must be profoundly distrusted because it is unable to discriminate the [[subject]]'s own desires [[desire]]s from the desires [[desire]]s of others.

According to Lacan, the [[ego ]] is not [[autonomous ego|autonomous]], but subordinated and [[alienation|alienated]] to the people and [[image]]s with which it has [[identification|identified]] during its [[development]]. He thought that an [[analysis]] had failed if it ended with the [[analysand]] [[identification|identifying]] with the [[analyst]]. At the conclusion of therapy, what should have disappeared is the armour of the ego, the glass cage of narcissistic illusions. <!-- His criticisms of [[ego-psychology]] are often intertwined with his criticisms of , the [[IPA]] which was dominated by this particular [[school]] glass cage of thought. [[Lacan]] presents both [[ego-psychology]] and the [[IPA]] as the "antithesis" of true psychoanalysis.<ref>{{E}} p.l16</ref> [[Lacan]] argues that both were irremediably corrupted by the culture of the United States (see [[factor cnarcissistic]]). [[Lacanillusion]]'s powerful critique has meant that few people now accept uncritically the claims of [[ego-psychology]] to identify itself as "classical psychoanalysis." -->