Changes

<blockquote>The oldest and best meaning of the word "unconscious" is the descriptive one; we call "unconscious" any mental process the existence of which we are obliged to assume-because, for instance, we infer it in some way from its effects-but of which we are not directly aware .... If we want to be more accurate, we should modify the statement by saying that we call a process "unconscious" when we have to assume that it was active at a certain time, although at that time we knew nothing about it.<ref>{{NILP}} Ch. 3</ref></blockquote>

[[Freud]] distinguished between two uses <blockquote>Certainly, large portions of the term "[[ego and super-ego can remain unconscious, are, in fact, normally unconscious. That means to say that the individual knows nothing of their contents and that it requires an expenditure of effort to make him conscious of them. It is true, then, that ego and conscious, repressed and unconscious]]do not coincide."<ref>1915e{{NILP}} Ch. 3</ref></blockquote>

As ===Unconscious and Preconscious===<blockquote>There are ''two kinds of unconscious'', which have not as yet been distinguished by psychologists. Both are unconscious in the psychological sense; but in our sense the first, which we call ''Ucs''., is likewise ''incapable of consciousness''; whereas the second we call ''Pcs''. because its excitations, after the observance of certain rules, are capable of reaching consciousness; perhaps not before they have again undergone censorship, but nevertheless regardless of the ''Ucs''. ''system''. The fact that in order to attain consciousness the excitations must pass through an adjectiveunalterable series, a succession of instances, as is betrayed by the changes produced in them by the censorship, it simply refers has enabled us to describe them by analogy in spatial terms. We described the relations of the two systems to each other and to mental processes consciousness by saying that are the system ''Pcs''. is like a screen between the system ''Ucs''. and consciousness. The system ''Pcs''. not only bars access to consciousness, but also controls the access to voluntary motility, and has control of the subject emission of [[conscious]] a mobile cathectic energy, a portion of which is familiar to us as attention at a given moment. <ref>{{IoD}} Ch. 7</ref></blockquote>

According to this theory===UNCONSCIOUS MENTAL PROCESSES, the [[psyche|mind]] TIMELESSNESS OF===<blockquote>We have found by experience that unconscious mental processes are in themselves "timeless." That is divided into three systems or "psychical localitiesto say to begin with: they are not arranged chronologically," the [[conscious]] ('''Cs''')time alters nothing in them, nor can the [[preconscious]] ('''Pcs''') and the [[unconscious]] ('''Ucs''')idea of time be applied to them. <ref>{{BPP}} Ch. 4</ref></blockquote>

==Sigmund Freud==Although the term "[[unconscious]]" had been used by writers prior to [[Freud]], it acquires a completely original meaning in his [[Sigmund Freud:Bibliography|work]], in which it constitutes the single most important concept.  ===Definition===[[Freud]] distinguished between two uses of the term "[[unconscious]]."<ref>{{F}} "[[Works of Sigmund Freud|The Unconscious]]." 1915e. [[SE]] XIV, 161</ref>  =====Adjective=====The adjective it is very widely used to refer to any element of mental or psychic activity that is not present within the field of [[consciousness]]; as an ''adjective'', it simply refers to mental or psychic processes that are not the subject of, that occur in the absence of, [[consciousness|conscious awareness, thought, attention, perception or control]]. =====Noun=====[[Image:Freudpsyche.gif|thumb|300px|right|[[Unconscious|Freud's Model of the Unconscious]]]]As a ''noun'', the ''noun-form'' designates one of the ''psychical systems'' described by [[Freud]] in his [[topology|topographical model]] of the [[psyche]], his first theory of [[psyche|mental]] [[structure]]. ==="Topological Model"===The "'''[[topographical model]]'''" divides the [[mind]] or [[psyche]] into three separate component parts -- or "[[scene|psychical localities]]": * the '''[[conscious]]''' ('''[[conscious|Cs]]'''),* the '''[[preconscious]]''' ('''[[preconscious|Pcs]]''') and* the [[unconscious]] ('''[[unconscious|Ucs]]''') The [[unconscious|unconscious system]] is not merely that which is ''outside'' the field of [[consciousness]] at a given time, but that which has been radically [[separation|separated]] from [[consciousness]] by [[repression]] and thus cannot enter the [[conscious|conscious-preconscious system]] without [[distortion]]. ==="Structural Model"===[[Freud]]'s second model of the [[mind]] or [[psyche]] -- the "'''[[Structural theory]]'''" -- consisted of three "'''agencies'''":* the '''[[id]]''',* the '''[[ego]]''', and* the '''[[superego]]''' In this model, no one '''agency''' is identical to the [[unconscious]], since even the [[ego]] and the [[superego]] have [[unconscious]] parts. ==Jacques Lacan=====Early Work===[[Lacan]], before 1950, uses the term "[[unconscious]]" principally in its ''adjectival form'', making his early work seem particularly strange to those who are more familiar with [[Freud]]'s [[Sigmund Freud:Bibliography|writings]].  ===Later Work===In the 1950s, however, as [[Lacan]] begins his "[[return to Freud]]," the term appears more frequently as a ''noun'', and [[Lacan]] increasingly emphasizes the originality of [[Freud]]'s concept of the [[unconscious]], stressing that it is not merely the opposite of [[consciousness]].

[[Lacan]] argues <blockquote>"A large number of psychical effects that are quite legitimately designated as unconscious, in the concept sense of excluding the [[unconscious]] was badly misunderstood by most characteristics of [[Freud]]'s followersconsciousness, who reduced it are nonetheless without any relation whatever to being "merely the seat of unconscious in the instinctsFreudian sense."<ref>{{E}} p.147163</ref></blockquote>

Against this He also insists that the [[biology|biologisticunconscious]] mode of thought, cannot simply be equated with "[[Lacan]] argues unconscious|that "the unconscious which is neither primordial nor instinctual;"<ref>{{E}} p.170</ref> it is primarily [[linguisticrepressed]]. "

This is summed up in ===Biological Reductionism===[[Lacan]] argues that the concept of the [[unconscious]] was badly misunderstood by most of [[Freud]]'s famous formulafollowers, who reduced it to being "merely the unconscious is structured like a languageseat of the instincts."<ref>{{S3E}} p.167147</ref>

Against this [[Lacanbiology|biologistic]]'s analysis mode of the thought, [[unconsciousLacan]] in terms of [[synchronic]] [[structure]] is supplemented by his idea of argues that "the [[unconscious]] opening and closing in a temporal pulsation.is neither primordial nor instinctual;"<ref>{{S11E}} p.143, 204170</ref>it is primarily [[linguistic]].

Some [[psychoanalystLacan]]'s have objected to analysis of the [[Lacanunconscious]]'s in terms of [[linguisticsynchronic]] approach to the [[unconsciousstructure]] on the grounds that it is overly restrictive, and on supplemented by his idea of the grounds that [[Freudunconscious]] himself excluded ''word-presentations'' from the opening and closing in a [[unconscioustime|temporal pulsation]].<ref>{{S7S11}} p.44143, 204</ref>

===Discourse===[[Lacan]] also describes the [[unconscious]] as a [[discourse]]: "[[unconscious|The unconscious is the discourse of the Other]]."<ref>{{Ec}} p.16</ref>

Perhaps the most important meaning is that "one should see in the unconscious the effects of speech on the subject."<ref>{{S11}} p.126</ref>

<blockquote>Indeed, "the unconscious is structured as a function of the symbolic."<ref>{{S7}} p.12</ref></blockquote>

More precisely, it is an "[[unconscious|unknown knowledge]]."

===See Also==={{See}}* [[Biology]]* [[Consciousness]]* [[Discourse]]||* [[Desire]]* [[Drive]]* [[Instinct]]||* [[Knowledge]]* [[Language]]* [[Linguistics]]||

* [[KnowledgeRepetition]]* [[Signifier]]||* [[Speech]]* [[Structure]]* [[Symbolic]]{{Also}}

===References===

==def==''For In the second [[topography]], the unconscious system is replaced by the physiological state agency of the [[id]], but [Freud]] continues to use "being [[unconscious]]"as an adjective. Although [[Freud]] is often credited with the discovery of the [[unconscious]], as when knockedit is clear tha tthe notion of a non-out or asleep, see conscious part of the mind has a long history in both [[unconsciousnessphilosophy]]and the psychological sciences. A distinction has been made between the [[Freud]]ian [[unconscious]] and [[Jung]]'s concept of a 'collective unconscious'. ---

In [[psychoanalytic theoryFreud]], the '''unconscious''' refers to that part s initial desriptions of mental functioning of which the [[subject (philosophy)|subjectunconscious]] makes himself unaware. The psychoanalytic unconscious is similar to but not precisely the same as the popular notion are based upon his analysis of the [[subconscious]]dreams (1900).

For psychoanalysis, Dreams are described as the royal road the the [[unconscious does not include all ]] because they represent the fulfilment of what is simply not conscious - it does not include e.g. motor skills [[unconscious]] [[wish]]es that are inadmissible to the [[preconscious]]- but rather, only what is actively [[psychological repression|repressedconscious]] from conscious thoughtsystem, usually because of their sexual nature.

As defined Further confirmation of the existence of an unconscious system is provided by [[Sigmund Freud]], the 's study of phenomena such as [[psycheparapraxis]] is composed (101) and jokes (1905b); everyday phenomena such as slips of the tongue, bungled actions, lapses of different levels memory and the inability to recall names all point to the existence of consciousness, often defined in three parts as *preconsciousness*the waking [[consciousnessunconscious]]*and beneath both of these, the unconscious.

For Freud, the unconscious was a depository for socially unacceptable ideas, wishes or desires, traumatic memories, and painful emotions put out of mind by the mechanism of [[psychological repression]]. However, the contents did not necessarily have to be solely negative. In the psychoanalytic view, the unconscious is a force that can only be recognized by its effects - it expresses itself in the [[symptom]].--

At the present stage, there are still fundamental disagreements within psychology about the nature The contents of the [[unconscious mind (if indeed it is considered to exist at all), whereas outside formal psychology a whole world ]] are described as representatives of pop-psychological speculation has grown up in which the unconscious mind is held to have any number of properties [[drive]]s and abilities, from animalistic and innocent, child-like aspects to as [[savantunconscious]]-like, all-perceiving, [[mysticism|mysticalwish]] es and [[occultdesire]]ic propertiess that are organized into imaginary scenarios and narratives.

==The psychoanlytic unconscious==Unconscious thoughts are not directly accessible Many of these elements have been subjecte to ordinary [[introspection]], but it is capable of being "tapped" and "interpreted" by special methods and techniques such as random association, dream analysis, and [[verbal]] slips (commonly known as a [[Freudian slip]]), examined and conducted during [[psychoanalysisrepression]]or have been refused entry to the conscious mind.

===Freud's definition===Probably Others relate to [[fantasies]] or [[memories]] relating to the most detailed and precise of the various notions of 'unconscious mind' - and the one which most people will immediately think of upon hearing the term - is that developed by Sigmund Freud and his followers, and which lies at the heart of psychoanalysis. It should be stressed, incidentally, that [[primal scene]] or the popular term 'subconscious' is not a [[FreudianOedipus complex]] coinage and is never used in serious psychoanalytic writings.

Freud's concept was a more subtle and complex psychological theory than many. ConsciousnessAt times, in [[Freud's topographical view (which was his first of several psychological models of the mind) was a relatively thin perceptual aspect of the mind, whereas the subconscious (frequently misused and confused with the unconscious) was ]] further speculates that merely autonomic function of the brain. The [[unconscious was indeed considered by Freud throughout the evolution ]] also contains elements of his psychoanalytic theory a sentient force of will influenced by human drives and yet operating well below the perceptual conscious mind. Hidden, like the man behind the curtain in the "Wizard phylogenetic heritage made up of Oz," the unconscious directs the thoughts and feelings residual elements of everyone, according to Freud. This unconscious mind is the primitive instinctual hangover we all suffer from and which we must overcome in a healthy way in order to become fully and normally developed, i.e., not [[neurosis|neurotic]] or [[psychosis|psychotic]] but merely unhappy (See Frank Sulloway's ''Freud, Biologist vicissitudes of the Mind'', Basic Books, 1983)human history. <ref>1915d</ref>

Freud's theory of Insofar as it is a system, the unconscious was substantially transformed by some of his followers, among them [[Carl Jungunconscious]] and is described by [[Jacques LacanFreud]]as having a number of special characteristics.

===Jung's It is governed by the primary processes of the free circulation of energy and [[collective unconsciouslibido]]===, and characterized by the mobility of [[cathexis]].

The [[Carl Jung]] developed the concept further. He divided the unconscious into two parts: the personal unconscious and the [[collective unconscious]]. The first of these corresponds is timeless, indifferent to Freud's idea of the subconscious, though unlike his mentorexternal reality, Jung believed that the personal unconscious contained a valuable counter-balance oblivious to the conscious mindnotions of negation and doubt, as well as childish urges. As for and obeys only the collective unconscious, which consists of [[archetypespleasure principle]], this is the common store of mental building blocks that makes up the psyche of all humans. Evidence for its existence is the universality of certain symbols that appear in the mythologies of nearly all peoples.

The Virtually all post-Freudian [[psychoanalysis]] may be regarded as contributing to an understanding of the [[unconscious]], Lacan argued, was not a more primitive or archetypal part but the most extensive reworking of the mind separate from the conscious, linguistic ego, but rather, a formation every bit as complex and linguistically sophisticated as consciousness itself. (Compare concept is that propounded by [[collective unconsciousLacan]]).

If In his celebrated "Rome Discourse" on the unconscious is structured like a field and function of [[language]] and [[speech]] in [[psychoanalysis]] (1953), Lacan argues, then the self is denied any point of reference to which to be 'restored' following trauma or 'identity crisis'. In this way, Lacan's thesis of the structurally dynamic unconscious is also a challenge to the [[ego psychologyLacan]] that describes the [[Freudunconscious]] himself opposedas the censored chapter in the history of the individual subject.

Lacan's idea of how language is structured is largely taken from the The [[structural linguisticstruth]] of [[Ferdinand de Saussure]] and [[Roman Jakobson]]this censored chapter can, however, based on be found elsewhere; it exists in the function form of 'monuments' such as the nuclei of a [[signifierneurosis]] and [[signified]] in , the [[signifying chainsymptom]]s. This may leave Lacan's entire model of mental functioning open to severe critique, since in mainstream linguistics, Saussurean models have largely been replaced by those of e.g. that can be read like some strange [[Noam Chomskylanguage]].

The starting point for the linguistic theory of It can be found in the unconscious was a re-reading of Freud's 'documents'[[The Interpretation of Dreams]]''. Thereinfantile memories, Freud identifies two mechanisms at work in the formation of unconscious fantasies: condensation and displacement. Under Lacanindivudal's linguistic readingcharacter traits, condensation is identified with and in the fragments that link the censored chapter to the linguistic trope of [[metonymy]], chapters that precede and displacement with [[metaphor]]follow it.

Many modern philosophers and social scientists either dispute Drawing on the concept [[linguistics]] of an unconscious, or argue that it is not something that can be scientifically investigated or discussed rationally. In the social sciences, this view was first brought forward by [[John B. Watson|John WatsonSaussure]], considered to be the first American behaviourist. Among philosophers, and [[Karl PopperJakobson]] was one of Freud's most notable contemporary opponents. Popper argued work on 'aphasia', [[Lacan]] argues that Freud'[[symptom]]s theory of the and [[unconscious was not ]] [[Falsifiability|falsifiableformation]], and therefore not scientifical. However, critics of Popper have underlined that Popper's exclusion of psychoanalysis from such as the [[dream-work]] display the same formal properties as the normal domain rhetorical devices of science was a direct consequence of his specific definition of science as being constituted by what may be falsifiable. In other words[[metaphor]]/[[metonymy]], Popper defined science in terms which necessarily led he likens to the exclusion of psychoanalysis. Thus, defining science in another way may lead to including psychoanalysis into this domain mechanisms of [[knowledgecondensation]] and [[displacement]].

Still=Quotes=<blockquote>The division of mental life into what is conscious and what is unconscious is the fundamental premise on which psycho-analysis is based; and this division alone makes it possible for it to understand pathological mental processes, manywhich are as common as they are important, perhaps most, psychologists and cognitive scientists agree to co-ordinate them scientifically. Stated once more in a different way: psycho-analysis cannot accept the view that many things consciousness is the essence of mental life, but is obliged to regard consciousness as one property of mental life, which we are not conscious happen in our mind(s)may co-exist along with its other properties or may be absent.<ref>{{F}} "[[Sigmund Freud:Bibliography|Consciousness and the Unconscious]]." pp.9-10</blockquote>

<blockquote>The argument seems to be about term 'conscious'how'' mind will be studiedis, to start with, a purely descriptive one, resting on a perception of the most direct and certain character. Experience shows, next, that a mental element (for instance, an idea) is not whether there as a rule permanently conscious. On the contrary, a state of consciousness is characteristically very transitory; an idea that is conscious now is anything no longer so a moment later, although it can become so again under certain conditions that happens unconsciously or notare easily brought about.<ref>{{F}} "[[Sigmund Freud:Bibliography|Consciousness and the Unconscious]]." p.10</ref></blockquote>

==Pre-Freudian history <blockquote>We obtain our concept of the idea==unconscious, therefore, from the theory of repression. The idea originated in antiquityrepressed serves us as a prototype of the unconscious. We see, however, that we have two kinds of unconscious-that which is latent but capable of becoming conscious, and its more modern history that which is detailed repressed and not capable of becoming conscious in Henri Fthe ordinary way. Ellenberger's ''Discovery This piece of insight into mental dynamics cannot fail to affect terminology and description. That which is latent, and only unconscious in the Unconscious'' descriptive and not in the dynamic sense, we call preconscious; the term unconscious we reserve for the dynamically unconscious repressed, so that we now have three terms, conscious (Cs), preconscious (Basic BooksPcs), 1970and unconscious (Ucs), which are no longer purely descriptive in sense. The Pcs is presumably a great deal closer</blockquote>=Unsorted=

Certain philosophers preceding Sigmund Freud, such as [[Gottfried Leibniz|Leibniz]], [[Arthur Schopenhauer|Schopenhauer]], and [[Friedrich Nietzsche|Nietzsche]], developed ideas foreshadowing While the modern idea notion of a non-conscious part of the unconscious. The new [[medical]] science of [[psychoanalysis]] established by Freud mind or psyche has a long history in both philosophy and his disciples popularized this and similar notions such as the role of psychological sciences, Sigmund Freud is often credited with the [[libido]] (sex drive) and the self-destructive urge discovery of [[thanatos]] (death wish), and the famous [[Oedipus complex]], wherein a son seeks to "kill" his father to make love to his own motherunconscious.

The term was popularized by Freud. He developed the idea that there were layers to human consciousness: the conscious, preconscious, and unconscious. He thought that certain psychic events take place "below the surface", or in the unconscious mind. A good example is [[dreams|dreamingunconscious]]", which Freud called the "royal road to the unconscious".

<ref>=References=unconscious 12-13, 19-36, 39-41, 43, 45-8, 56, 56-60, 68, 72, 76, 79, 82-3, 100, 102, * 104, 119, 125-31, 133-50, 152-5, 156-7, 161-2, 174, 176, 181, 187-8, 197, 199-200, 203, * 207-8, 217, 221, 224, 231-2, 235, 242, 247, 249-52, 257, 260, 263, 267, 274 [[Seminar XI]]</ref>

{{Encore}}: [[Unconsciously|Unconscious]], 4, 14, 21-22, 34, 99, 104-5, 115, 131, 135, 137, 139, 141, 144-45 :: as [[language]], 15, 48, 56, 67, 96, 100, 135, 139, 142 :: [[language]] of, 51,110 :: [[Categorymeaning]] and, 88 ::Freudian psychology[[signifying chain]] and, 135 :: [[subject]]and, 21, 37, 81, 87-88