In psychiatry 1890 the term "[[science]] of [[language]]" had not yet become "general [[linguistics]]," the "fundamental science" of the humanities it would become following the [[work]] of Ferdinand de [[Saussure]] (1857-1913). Philologists studied <i>scripta</i>psychosis(written traces) and the [[history]] of [[languages]] but not their origins or that of the original language (<i>Ursprache</i>), first used a [[search]] that was felt to be irrelevant to refer the science of language, according to mental illnesses the first article of the bylaws of the Société [[linguistique]] de [[Paris]], composed in general1866.From the point of view of linguistics, [[Hans]] Sperber's article on the "[[sexual]] origins of language" (1912) was later restricted to more an application of [[Freudian]] [[theory]] than a [[form]] of [[linguistic]] research.Émile Benveniste's rebuttal of Carl Abel's claims [[about]] the opposite [[meanings]] of [[words]] ("Über den Gegensinn der Urworte," 1885) starts from the major clinical formssame point: schizophreniaThe discursive use of the euphemism or antiphrasis does not justify this [[claim]]. Moreover, chronic and delusional psychosesthere is no [[primitive]] language as far as [[linguists]] are concerned. Language is a [[system]] of [[signs]], articulated through a [[process]] of differentiation, that organizes the first [[representation]] of the [[world]] by and manic-depressive psychosesfor the [[speaking]] [[subject]]. Unlike At the neuroticbeginning of the twentieth century, the psychotic subject does not [[distinction]] "criticize<i>[[langage]]/langue</i>" —language as spoken versus language as system—used by de Saussure in his classes and published in the disorders of <i>Course on General Linguistics</i> after his or her thought[[death]] (1916), was not widely known. In 1845 Baron Ernst von Feuchtersleben used Some philologists, however, became interested in spoken language, in everyday words, in the [[nature]] of the term "system" or [[internal]] [[structure]] of language (<i>psychosis[[langue]]</i> to refer to mental illness in his manual of medical psychology). At the end By collecting [[slips of the nineteenth centurytongue]], alienists defined psychosis as Rudolf Meringer (1895) attempted to determine the loss laws of reason evolution and mental alienation.Psychoanalysis seeks less to categorize mental illnesses than to identify their structures and mechanisms. A structural and dynamic definition the internal operation of psychosis must be conceived on <i>Sprachorganismus</i> (the basis organism of a primary disturbance of the libidolanguage), comparing it to [[Freud]]'s "language [[apparatus]]" (1891b). Freud borrowed eight examples from Meringer's relationship to realitycorpus, through splitting including the opening and closing remarks of the reconstruction president of an alternative, delusional realityparliament (1901b). Eugen Bleuler, influenced Meringer failed to be amused (1907) by psychoanalysisFreud's admiration for the quoted [[text]]. Freud in [[return]] wrote an ironic comment (1910e), characterized schizophrenia as a dissociation distancing himself from Meringer on the basis of their divergent [[understanding]] of slips of thought through withdrawal into the self, or autismtongue. He posited as its basis splittingThe two men held different points of view: Meringer prefigured the [[Saussurian]] break entailing the internal [[synchronic]] description of the structure of languages (that is, linked to a loosening at the [[time]] of associative texturespoken use). Skirted around by Sigmund Freud, who preferred the term His [[insistence]] on [[speech]] (<i>paraphrenia[[parole]]</i>)—which revealed the underlying structure—implied an emphasis on orality, the primary characteristic of languages.De Saussure thus gave the world approximately five thousand languages and rejected the [[notion ]] of schizophrenia nevertheless became standard within psychiatry and psychoanalysis"primitive" languages, which were languages with no written [[tradition]]. A second variety of chronic psychosisAccording to de Saussure, paranoiaa language should be considered a highly organized structure, is characterized by systematic delusions (delusions a "system of persecutioninternal relations, jealous delusions" whose elements were [[arbitrary]] and differential and could be [[analyzed]] along two different axes: the paradigmatic (or associative) axis, erotomaniathe axis of elements that were "[[absent]]"; and the [[syntagmatic]] axis, delusions the axis of grandeur), elements that were "[[present]]." These elements were defined in [[negative]] [[terms]]: "In language there is only [[difference]]." On theplane of
predominance sound as well as on the plane of interpretation[[meaning]], and each element is what the absence [[others]] are not (this was de Saussure's [[concept]] of intellectual deterioration.In Manuscript H (1894), Freud designated three conditions as psychoses: hallucinatory confusion, paranoia, and hysterical psychosis (which he distinguished from hysterical neurosis"[[value]]"). In his texts on the neuropsychoses of defense ("The Neuro-Psychoses axis of Defence" the spoken [[1894achain] and "Further Remarks on ] can be used to postulate the Neuro-Psychoses of Defence" [1896b[temporal]] linearity of the sound (or acoustic)aspect of signs, he took the distinction between neurosis and psychosis as given. From his earliest writingsthat is, he undertook to characterize the psychopathology "linearity of the psychoses through his successive theories of the psychic apparatus[[signifier]]. His only study of " A language is, thus, a case set of psychosis is his commentary articulatory, acoustic, and [[representative]] (or [[symbolic]]) conventions that are socially imposed on Daniel Schreber's the [[speaker]], a <i>Memoirs of My Nervous Illness[[Weltanschauung]]</i>. Freud's correspondence with Carl Gustav Jung illustrates the development of Freudian doctrine between 1909 and 1911, and the essays "On Narcissism: An Introduction" (1914), "Fetishism" (1927), and "The Loss of Reality a treasure deposited in Neurosis and Psychosis" (1924) show the further elaboration of his theories.Freud examined the [[individual's relationship to reality from ]] by the vantage point mass of a consideration of the libidinal cathexesspeakers. In The same [[position]] is found in the psychoseswork ofÉdouard Pichon ([[linguist]] and [[psychoanalyst]], the loss founding member of reality—and the changed relationship to others following a radical decathexis of the objects of everyday reality ("the end of the worldParis [[Psychoanalytic]] [[Society]]," for Schreberthen its president in 1938)—must necessarily be considered in a way other than descriptive, taking into account from whom Jacques [[Lacan]] borrowed the attempted reorganization [[idea]] of reality by the psychotic processes.All psychoses are characterized by the coexistence of two attitudes: one that takes reality into account, and another that "this same ego, under the influence of the id, withdraws from a piece of reality[[foreclosure]]" (1924e, p. 183<i>[[Verwerfung]]</i>). Delusions affirm the subjectFrom de Saussure's belief in work, Lacan derived the existence [[concepts]] of an alternative reality that restores the primitive cathexes that archaically linked childhood awareness with an early love object. The reconstruction "treasure of reality in accordance with the [[signifiers]],"desires" of the id expresses both [[unconscious]] [[structured]] as a defensive cancellation language, and a reparative force. This entails a process whose psychotic manifestation in no way excludes rearticulation in terms of the mechanisms defined by psychoanalysis. Thus, in Freud's view, hallucinatory psychosis could be considered as the expression condition of an imaginary maintaining of an early reality whose loss the ego finds unbearableunconscious. This theorization requires From Roman [[Jakobson]] (1963) he derived the refinement of concepts such as regression, which is above all conceived as a function of development of the ego [[metaphor]] (paradigmatic) and of the libido: In the one case, regression leads to primary narcissism[[metonymy]] (syntagmatic), and in reworked the other, to hallucinatory wish fulfillment.Initially, Melanie Klein, like Karl Abraham, tended to base her clinical work on a psychopathological theory concepts of the points of fixation [[condensation]] and temporal regression of the libido[[displacement]]. In addition to this temporal regression, Freud distinguished a topographical regression that made it possible to compare Lacan also borrowed from de Saussure the mechanisms idea of dreams with those put into play in psychosis. "In schizophrenia, it is words that become the object arbitrariness of elaboration by the primary process; in [[sign]] and its [[duality]]: [[signified]] and signifier. The signified is the other[[mental]] [[image]], the dream, it is concept; the thing-presentations: representations of things to which signifier the words have ledacoustic image (or phonetic form)." In schizophrenia, circulation This [[relationship]] is cut off between the preconscious cathexis of words reversed and unconscious thinghierarchized in Lacan (S/s) with an extreme (non-presentations. The fundamental mechanism of paranoia is projection. The feeling linguistic) expansion of hatred toward the object is projected outward and then turned back onto the subject in the form of persecutory hatredsignifier.In the final stage of Saussurian arbitrariness—which is what makes his work, in describing the splitting of the ego, Freud was on the way so original—does not refer to defining an original mechanism of the repudiation [[lack]] of reality in psychosis: denial of the reality of castration. This notion of the <i>Verleugnung</i> motivation between [[object]] and sign (denial[[word]]) of castration, which he opposed to repression, goes back to the primal experience of loss. Thus, Jacques Lacan, taking up the term (<i>VerwerfungSache/Zeichen</i> (rejection) discussed in his discussion of the "Wolf Man," translated the German [[Plato]]'s <i>VerwerfungCratylus</i> as <i>foreclosure</i> and, on but to the basis of this notion [[absence]] of a primordial excision one-to-one relation between elements of a fundamental signifier, elaborated his conceptualization the system of psychosissignifieds and signifiers. The phallus as the signifier concept of castration is not inscribed within the symbolic order. Not integrated into the psychotic's unconscious"[[double]] articulation" (Martinet, it returns to the real, especially in the phenomenon of hallucinations. Through Lacan's paternal metaphor, it 1960/1964) demonstrates this: for linguists no meaning can be considered that foreclosure of the Name-of-the-Father is the hole in the symbolic that is inherent in all psychoses.The psychoanalytic elaboration of attributed to a theory concerning chronic and delusional psychoses runs up against the difficulty and complexity of [[phoneme]] or [[letter]], something a concrete approachlinguist shaped by [[psychoanalysis]] like Ivan Fonagy (1970) rejects. It becomes diversified into a theoretical eclecticism bringing together the considerations through which each school of thoughtFor Fonagy, for example, language and indeed each analystunconscious, refines language and consolidates the foundations of the transference relationship. For all the intrinsic interest of the original viewpoints of John N. Rosen[[drive]], Frieda Fromm-Reichmann, Marguerite Sechehaye, Gisela Pankow, Gaetano Benedetti, or Piera Aulagnier, among others, it is impossible to recognize their particular relevance without having access to the specific techniques used in their respective therapeutic approachesare contiguous.Through a "psychotic transference" that moves from extreme avoidance to a relationship that is almost one of mergingThe same was [[true]] for Pichon, demands are placed on the analyst that touch his or her own archaic unconscious dispositions; "falling in love-hate" and the preponderance of narcissistic investment over object investment make it difficult to manage. What place does this relationship have within the complexity of medication-based[[author]], institutionalwith Jacques Damourette, or readaptive approaches? Analytic theory must certainly be remembered in of a voluminous grammar text and a variegated context (families, care-givers, recipients large [[number]] of care) if one wants to maintain a certain structural coherencearticles. José Bleger's notion It was Pichon who created the concepts of <i>frameworkpensée-langage</i>, Lacan's which reflects the [[separation]] of form and [[content]], and <i>historizationsexuisemblance</i>, and which reflects the understanding of transference connection between [[gender]] and counter-transference—both individual sex. His work on [[negation]] (1928) and institutional—must always be implemented when the challenge [[grammatical]] person (1938), criticized by Benveniste as too "[[psychological]]," serves as the premise for the concept of treating the psychoses is undertaken. ==See Also==* "[[Ego Psychology shifter]]" in Jakobson's work, and Psychosisresearch on "[[enunciation]] * " for Benveniste. Among linguists, including contemporary linguists who [[Foreclosurespeak]] * of the (re)introduction of the subject into their field (through pragmatics, the [[Historical truthanalysis]] * of meaning or [[Hypochondriadiscourse]] * ), the subject is always (or almost always) a controlling intentional subject. The failure to [[Indications and contraindications for psychoanalysis for an adultidentify]] * [[Infantile psychosisintentionality]] * , moreover, is what ended the Saussurian analysis of anagrams (the search for a proper [[Mathildename]] buried—disseminated—in the poetic chain), case ofalthough they can be [[understood]] * as a search for an unconscious subject.This [[Paranoiaconscious]] * and controlling subject marks the difference between [[Paranoid psychosislinguistics and psychoanalysis]] * . Here, their [[Paraphreniaepistemological]] * terrain is distinct. Linguists and [[Persecutionpsychoanalysts]] * apprehend the same words in different ways. Linguists first try to describe languages and [[Psychotic/neuroticconstruct]] * a [[Schreber, Daniel Paulscientific]] * theory of their workings. Their concern is one of generalized objectivity, which could be described as an Aristotelian approach. Consequently, they attempt to eliminate any [[Symbolizationsubjectivity]], while psychoanalysts acknowledge it as part of the process of[[association]] ==References==<references/># Freud, Sigmund. (1894a). The neuro-psychoses [[analysts]]' [[goal]] is not to put forth a theory of language but of defence. SE, 3: 41-61.# ——the unconscious. This is why there are so many differences between the two fields in spite of the many borrowings by psychoanalysts from linguists (1896bphilologists for Freud). Further remarks on in the neuro-psychoses first half of defencethe twentieth century. SEToday, however, 3: 157-185.# ——. (1911c the [[1910situation]]). Psycho-analytic notes on an autobiographical account is reversing itself, and some psychoanalysts consider the near "assimilation" of the mental apparatus to the language apparatus to be a case of paranoia failure (dementia paranoides). SEGreen, 1984, 12: 1-82.# ——. (1914c1989). On narcissism: An introduction. SEMoreover, 14: 67-102.# ——. (1924e). The loss the number of linguists and semiologists who acknowledge the influence of reality [[psychoanalytic theory]] in neurosis and psychosisthe humanities is growing. SEFor example, 19: 180-187.# ——. research on the contiguity between these two fields (1927e). Fetishism. SEMichel Arrivé, 21: 147-157.# ——. (1974a [1906[Jean-13Claude Milner]]). The Freud/Jung letters: The correspondence between Sigmund Freud and C. G. Jung (William, McGuire, Edhas been conducted by linguists who have undergone analysis or who are analysts themselves; they have introduced psychoanalytic [[ideas]] * into research on sign systems, [[Ralph Manheim and R. F. C. Hullwriting]], enunciation, Trans.). Princetonmodes of text analysis, NJ: Princeton University Press.# Lacanmeaning, Jacquesand so forth. (1966)[[Links]] between the fields [[exist]] despite the fact that their founders never met. On Freud may have seen de Saussure's name quoted by Meringer; de Saussure may have seen Freud's in a question preliminary to any possible treatment report on <i>The [[Interpretation]] of [[Dreams]]</i> written by one of his colleagues at the [[University]] of psychosis. InÉcrits: A Selection Geneva (Alan Sheridan, Trans.Théodore Flournoy). New York And although Freud never read de Saussure, it is certain that he heard him referred to as the "[[father]]" and London: Wauthor of the <i>Course of General Linguistics</i>. W. Norton. For one of Freud's [[Category:Newpatients]]was Raymond de Saussure, the son of Ferdinand, and Freud wrote a preface to Raymond's <i>The Psychoanalytic Method</i> (1922), where his father's book is mentioned.
