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{{Top}}[[inconscient]]]]''|-|| [[German]]: ''[[Unbewußte{{Bottom}}

==Sigmund Freud==Although the term "[[unconscious]]" had been used by writers prior to [[Freud]], it acquires a completely original [[meaning ]] in his [[Sigmund Freud:Bibliography|work]], in which it constitutes the single most important [[concept]]. [[Freud]] distinguished between two uses of the term "[[unconscious]]."<ref>{{F}} "[[Works of Sigmund Freud|The Unconscious]]." 1915e. [[SE]] XIV, 161</ref> The adjective it is very widely used to refer to any element of [[mental]] or [[psychic]] [[activity]] that is not [[present]] within the field of [[consciousness]]; as an ''adjective'', it simply refers to mental or psychic [[processes]] that are not the subject of, that occur in the [[absence]] of, [[consciousness|conscious awareness, thought, attention, perception or control]]. As a ''noun'', the ''noun-[[form]]'' designates one of the ''[[psychical]] systems'' described by [[Freud]] in his [[topology|topographical model]] of the [[psyche]], his first [[theory]] of [[psyche|mental]] [[structure]].

[[Image:Freudpsyche.gif|thumb|300px|right|[[Unconscious|Freud's Model of the Unconscious]]]]==="Topological Model"===The "'''[[topographical model]]'''" [[divides]] the [[mind]] or [[psyche]] into [[three]] [[separate]] component parts --or "[[scene|psychical localities]]":* the '''[[conscious]]''' ('''[[conscious|Cs]]'''),* the '''[[preconscious]]''' ('''[[preconscious|Pcs]]''') and* the [[unconscious]] ('''[[unconscious|Ucs]]''')

The [[Freudunconscious|unconscious system]] is not merely that which is ''[[outside]] distinguished between two uses '' the field of [[consciousness]] at a given [[time]], but that which has been radically [[separation|separated]] from [[consciousness]] by [[repression]] and thus cannot enter the term "[[unconsciousconscious|conscious-preconscious system]] without [[distortion]]."<ref>1915e</ref>

As an adjective==="Structural Model"===[[Freud]]'s second [[model]] of the [[mind]] or [[psyche]] -- the "'''[[Structural theory]]'''" -- consisted of three "'''[[agencies]]'''":* the '''[[id]]''',* the '''[[ego]]''', it simply refers to mental processes that are not and* the subject of '''[[conscioussuperego]] attention at a given moment. '''

As a noun (the [[unconscious]]; [[Ger]]. In this model, no one '''[[das Unbewußteagency]]''), it designates one of ' is identical to the psychical systems which [[Freudunconscious]] described in his first theory of , since even the [[psyche|mentalego]] and the [[structuresuperego]] (the "have [[unconscious|topographical model]]")parts.

According to this theory, the ==Jacques Lacan=====Early Work===[[psyche|mindLacan]] is divided into three systems or "psychical localities,before 1950, uses the term " the [[consciousunconscious]] (''" principally in its 'Cs'adjectival form''), the making his early [[work]] seem particularly strange to those who are more familiar with [[preconsciousFreud]] ('''Pcs''') and the s [[unconsciousSigmund Freud:Bibliography|writings]] ('''Ucs''').

The ===Later Work===In the 1950s, however, as [[unconsciousLacan]] system is not merely that which is outside the field of begins his "[[consciousnessreturn to Freud]] at ," the term appears more frequently as a given time''noun'', but that which has been radically separated from and [[consciousnessLacan]] by increasingly emphasizes the originality of [[repressionFreud]] and thus cannot enter 's concept of the [[consciousunconscious]]-, stressing that it is not merely the opposite of [[preconsciousconsciousness]] system without distortion.

In [[Freud]]'s second theory of [[mental]] [[structure]] (He also insists that the "[[structural theoryunconscious]]cannot simply be equated with "), the [[mind]] unconscious|that which is divided into the three "agencies" of [[ego]], [[superego]] and [[idrepressed]]. "

In this model===Biological Reductionism===[[Lacan]] argues that the concept of the [[unconscious]] was badly misunderstood by most of [[Freud]]'s followers, no one agency is identical who reduced it to [[being]] "merely the seat of the [[instincts]]."<ref>{{E}} p. 147</ref> Against this [[biology|biologistic]] mode of [unconscious[thought]], since even the [[egoLacan]] and argues that "the unconscious is neither primordial nor [[superegoinstinctual]] have ;"<ref>{{E}} p. 170</ref> it is primarily [[unconsciouslinguistic]] parts.

===Criticism===[[Lacan]], before 1950, uses himself qualifies his [[linguistic]] approach by arguing that the [[reason]] why the term "[[unconscious]]is [[structure]]d like a [[language]] is that " principally we only grasp the unconscious finally when it is explicated, in its adjectival form, making his early work seem particularly strange to those who are more familiar with that part of it which is articulated by passing into [[Freudwords]]'s writings. "<ref>{{S7}} p. 32</ref>

In ===Discourse===[[Lacan]] also describes the 1950s, however, [[unconscious]] as a [[discourse]]: "[[Lacanunconscious|The unconscious is the discourse of the Other]] begins his ."<ref>{{Ec}} p. 16</ref> This enigmatic formula, which has become one of [[return to FreudLacan]]'s most famous dictums,can be [[understood]] in many ways. Perhaps the most important meaning is that " one should see in the unconscious the effects of speech on the term appears more frequently as a nounsubject."<ref>{{S11}} p. 126</ref> More precisely, and the [[Lacanunconscious]] increasingly emphasizes is the originality effects of the [[Freudsignifier]]'s concept of on the [[unconscioussubject]], stressing in that it the [[signifier]] is what is not merely [[repressed]] and what returns in the opposite [[formation]]s of the [[consciousnessunconscious]] ([[symptom]]s, [[jokes]], [[parapraxes]], [[dream]]s, etc.).

<blockquote>"A large number of psychical effects that are quite legitimately designated as unconscious, in the sense of excluding the characteristics of consciousness, are nonetheless without any relation whatever to the unconscious in the Freudian sense."<ref>{{E}} p.163</ref></blockquote> He also insists that the [[unconscious]] cannot simply be equated with "that which is repressed." -- [[Lacan]] argues that the concept of the [[unconscious]] was badly misunderstood by most of [[Freud]]'s followers, who reduced it to being "merely the seat of the instincts."<ref>{{E}} p.147</ref> Against this [[biology|biologistic]] mode of thought, [[Lacan]] argues that "the unconscious is neither primordial nor instinctual;"<ref>{{E}} p.170</ref> it is primarily [[linguistic]].  This is summed up in [[Lacan]]'s famous formula, "the unconscious is structured like a language."<ref>{{S3}} p.167</ref> [[Lacan]]'s analysis of the [[unconscious]] in terms of [[synchronic]] [[structure]] is supplemented by his idea of the [[unconscious]] opening and closing in a temporal pulsation.<ref>{{S11}} p.143, 204</ref> -- Some [[psychoanalyst]]s have objected to [[Lacan]]'s [[linguistic]] approach to the [[unconscious]] on the grounds that it is overly restrictive, and on the grounds that [[Freud]] himself excluded ''word-presentations'' from the [[unconscious]].<ref>{{S7}} p.44</ref> [[Lacan]] himself qualifies his [[linguistic]] approach by arguing that the reason why the [[unconscious]] is [[structure]]d like a [[language]] is that "we only grasp the unconscious finally when it is explicated, in that part of it which is articulated by passing into words."<ref>{{S7}} p.32</ref> --- [[Lacan]] also describes the [[unconscious]] as a [[discourse]]: "The unconscious is the discourse of the Other."<ref>{{Ec}} p.16</ref> This enigmatic formula, which has become one of [[Lacan]]'s most famous dictums, can be understood in many ways.  Perhaps the most important meaning is that "one should see in the unconscious the effects of speech on the subject."<ref>{{S11}} p.126</ref> More precisely, the [[unconscious]] is the effects of the [[signifier]] on the [[subject]], in that the [[signifier]] is what is [[repressed]] and what returns in the [[formation]]s of the [[unconscious]] ([[symptom]]s, [[jokes]], [[parapraxes]], [[dream]]s, etc.). --===Symbolic===All the references to [[language]], [[speech]], [[discourse]] and [[signifier]]s clearly locate the [[unconscious]] in the [[order ]] of the [[symbolic]].  <blockquote>Indeed, "the unconscious is [[structured ]] as a function of [[the symbolic]]."<ref>{{S7}} p.12</ref></blockquote>

The [[unconscious]] <blockquote>"This exteriority of the symbolic in relation to man is not interior: on the contrary, since [[speech]] and [[language]] are very [[intersubjectivenotion]] phenomena, of the [[unconscious]] is "transindividual."<ref>{{EEc}} p.49469</ref></blockquote>

The If the [[unconscious]] seems interior, this isan effect of the [[imaginary]], so to speak, "outsidewhich blocks the [[relationship]] between the [[subject]] and the [[Other]] and which [[invert]]s the [[message]] of the [[Other]]."

<blockquote>"This exteriority of ===Formations===Although the symbolic [[unconscious]] is especially [[visible]] in relation to man is the very notion [[formation]]s of the [[unconscious]], "the unconscious leaves none of our actions outside its field."<ref>{{EcE}} p.469163</ref></blockquote> The [[law]]s of the [[unconscious]], which are those of [[repetition]] and [[desire]], are as ubiquitous as [[structure]] itself. The [[unconscious]] is irreducible, so the aim of [[analysis]] cannot be to make [[conscious]] the [[unconscious]]. In addition to the various [[linguistic]] [[metaphor]]s which [[Lacan]] draws on to conceptualize the [[unconscious]] ([[discourse]], [[language]], [[speech]]), he also conceives of the [[unconscious]] in other terms.

If the ===Memory===The [[unconscious]] seems interior, this is an effect also a kind of the [[imaginarymemory]], which blocks the relationship between in the sense of a [[subjectsymbolic]] and the [[Otherhistory]] and which of the [[invertsignifier]]s that have determined the [[messagesubject]] in the course of the his [[Otherlife]].

Although ===Knowledge===Since it is an articulation of [[signifier]]s in a [[signifying chain]], the [[unconscious]] is especially visible in the a kind of [[knowledge]] ([[symbolic]] [[formationknowledge]]s of the , or ''[[unconscioussavoir]]''). More precisely, it is an "the [[unconscious leaves none of our actions outside its field|unknown knowledge]]."<ref>{{E}} p.163</ref>

The ==See Also=={{See}}* [[lawBiology]]s of the * [[unconsciousConsciousness]], which are those of * [[repetitionDiscourse]] and ||* [[desireDesire]], are as ubiquitous as * [[structureDrive]]* [[Instinct]]||* [[Knowledge]]* [[Language]]* [[Linguistics]]||* [[Memory]]* [[Repetition]]* [[Signifier]]||* [[Speech]]* [[Structure]]* [[Symbolic]] itself.

==References==<div style="font-size:11px" class="references--small"><references/></div>