German psychiatrists in the 19th century employed the term paraphrenia, derived from the Greek para (beyond) and phrēn (mind), as a nonspecific term for madness. In 1863 Karl Ludwig Kahlbaum used paraphrenia hebetica to designate a degenerative malady of puberty, later known as hebephrenia.
Emil Kraepelin[[German]] psychiatrists in the 19th century employed the term paraphrenia, in derived from the eighth edition of Dementia Praecox Greek para (beyond) and Paraphrenia phrēn (1919[[mind]]), which was published in four volumes beginning in 1908, proposed as a nonspecific term for [[madness]]. In 1863 Karl Ludwig Kahlbaum used paraphrenia hebetica to designate chronic delirious psychoses unaccompanied by intellectual decline; he suggested four different clinical types: systematicaa degenerative malady of [[puberty]], expansiva, confabulans, and phantasicalater known as hebephrenia.
Freud believed paraphrenia to be a more properly descriptive term than schizophrenia, the term Eugen Bleuler suggested to replace Emil Kraepelin's dementia praecox. He used it for the first time in his "Psycho-Analytic Notes on an Autobiographical Account of a Case of Paranoia (Dementia Paranoides)" (1911c). Although Bleuler's term became prevalent, Freud employed paraphrenia again in "The Disposition to Obsessional Neurosis: a Contribution to the Problem eighth edition of Choice of Neurosis" (1913i) [[Dementia]] Praecox and in "On Narcissism, an Introduction" Paraphrenia (1914c1919). Subsequently it came up again twice, first which was published in the Introductory Lectures on Psycho-Analysis (1916-17a) and four volumes beginning in the second published version of "The Disposition 1908, proposed paraphrenia to Obsessional Neurosis." Strangely enoughdesignate chronic delirious [[psychoses]] unaccompanied by [[intellectual]] decline; he suggested four different [[clinical]] types: systematica, the term did not surface at all in the long discussion of the mechanisms of schizophrenia in the metapsychological article on "The Unconscious" (1915e)expansiva, confabulans, nor in "A Case of Paranoia Running Counter to the Psycho-Analytic Theory of the Disease" (1915f). It was also missing from the two articles on "Neurosis and Psychosis" (1924b) and "The Loss of Reality in Neurosis and Psychosis" (1924e)phantasica.
It is difficult [[Freud]] believed paraphrenia to understand why be a more properly descriptive term than [[schizophrenia]], the term Eugen Bleuler suggested to replace Kraepelin's dementia praecox. He used it for the first [[time]] in his "[[Psycho]]-[[Analytic]] [[Notes]] on an Autobiographical Account of a [[Case]] of [[Paranoia]] (Dementia Paranoides)" (1911c). Although Bleuler's term became preferred usageprevalent, although certainly this was due Freud employed paraphrenia again in part "The Disposition to [[Obsessional]] [[Neurosis]]: a Contribution to the notion Problem of [[Choice]] of Neurosis"split(1913i) and in "On [[Narcissism]], an Introduction" (schizo1914c). However, although paraphrenia did not gain currencySubsequently it came up again twice, first in the Introductory Lectures on a nosological level Freud's reasoning, as developed particularly Psycho-[[Analysis]] (1916-17a) and in the Schreber casesecond published version of "The Disposition to [[Obsessional Neurosis]]." Strangely enough, was quite remarkable and in line with his earlier attempts the term did not surface at diagnostic precision concerning neurosis. Freud maintained all in effect that paranoia must be viewed as a clinical type distinct from the long [[discussion]] of the mechanisms of schizophreniain the metapsychological article on "The [[Unconscious]]" (1915e), even if nor in "A Case of Paranoia Running Counter to the overall clinical picture is complicated by schizophrenicPsycho-like characteristicsAnalytic [[Theory]] of the Disease" (1915f). The It was also [[missing]] from the two conditions can be distinguished by the central obsession articles on "Neurosis and [[Psychosis]]" (1924b) and by a different mechanism "The [[Loss]] of symptom formation[[Reality]] in Neurosis and Psychosis" (1924e).
NICOLAS GOUGOULISIt is difficult to [[understand]] why Bleuler's term became preferred usage, although certainly this was due in part to the [[notion]] of "[[split]]" (schizo). However, although paraphrenia did not gain currency, on a nosological level Freud's reasoning, as developed particularly in the [[Schreber]] case, was quite remarkable and in line with his earlier attempts at diagnostic precision concerning neurosis. Freud maintained in effect that paranoia must be viewed as a clinical type distinct from schizophrenia, even if the overall clinical picture is complicated by [[schizophrenic]]-like characteristics. The two [[conditions]] can be distinguished by the central [[obsession]] and by a different [[mechanism]] of [[symptom]] [[formation]].
See also: Hypochondria; Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis; Narcissism, secondary; "On Narcissism, An Introduction"; Paranoid psychosis; Psychoanalytic nosography; Psychoses, chronic and delusional; Schizophrenia.
Bibliography
==See Also=={{See}}* [[Hypochondria]]; * DelrieuIntroductory Lectures on [[Psychoanalysis]]; * Narcissism, Alain. (1997). Sigmund Freud. Index thématique. Paris: Anthropossecondary; * "[[On Narcissism]], An Introduction"; * [[Paranoid]] psychosis; * [[Psychoanalytic]] nosography; * [[Psychoses, chronic and delusional]]; * Schizophrenia. {{Also}} ==References==* [[Freud, Sigmund]]. (1911c). Psycho-analytic notes on an autobiographical account of a case of paranoia (dementia paranoides). SE, 12: 1-82. * ——. (1913i). The disposition to [[obsessional neurosis]]: a contribution to the problem of choice of neurosis. SE, 12: 311-326. * ——. (1914c). On narcissism: an introduction. SE, 14: 67-102. * ——. (1915e). The unconscious. SE, 14: 159-204. * ——. (1915f). A case of paranoia running counter to the psycho-analytic theory of the disease. SE, 14: 261-272. * ——. (1916-17a). Introductory lectures on psycho-analysis. Part I, SE, 15; Part II, SE, 16. * ——. (1924b). Neurosis and psychosis. SE, 19: 147-153. * ——. (1924e). The loss of reality in neurosis and psychosis. SE, 19: 180-187. * Kapsambelis, Vassilis. (1997). Termes psychiatriques français d'origine grecque. Paris: Masson. * Kraepelin, Emil. (1971[1919]). Dementia praecox and paraphrenia. New York: Robert E. Krieger. * Porot, Antoine. (1952). Manuel alphabétique de psychiatrie Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.{{!}}
