Changes

{{TopTopp}}[[psychologie ]] du moi{{Bottom}}

<!-- [[Ego-psychology]] has been - since its development in the 1930s - the dominant [[school]] of [[psychoanalysis]] in the [[International Psycho-Analytical Association]]. -->==School==[[Ego-psychology]] is a [[school]] of [[Sigmund Freud|post-Freudian]] [[psychoanalysis]], derived from [[psychology|child psychology]], [[Freud]]'s [[topology|second topography]] and [[Anna Freud]]'s [[work ]] on the [[ego]] and its [[defence]]s. It is based on an elaboration of [[Freud]]'s [[structure|structural model]] of the [[mind]], which focuses almost entirely on the function of the [[ego]] in mediating between the conflicting [[demand]]s of the [[instinctual]] [[id]], the [[moralistic]] [[superego]] and [[external]] [[reality]].

It proceeds on the basis of [[Freud]]'s [[structureEgo Psychology|structural modelEgo psychology]] of developed in the United States in the years following the Second [[mindWorld]], but is specifically concerned with War and focused on ways of strengthening the role defence mechanisms of the [[egoconscious]] in mediating between mind rather than the conflicting [[demandunconscious]]s motivation of the [[instinctual]] [[id]]our actions, the [[moralistic]] [[superego]] and [[external]] [[reality]]as in classical psychoanalysis.

Rudolph [[Anna FreudLoewenstein]], Lacan's book ''[[The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defencetraining]]'' (1936) was analyst, had been one of the first works to focus almost entirely on the founding fathers of [[Ego Psychology|Ego psychology]], having fled [[Nazi]] [[egopersecution]]in the 1940s.

==Autonomous Ego==Founded by European immigrants, this [[school]] of psychoanalysis overemphasized [[adaptation|adjustment]] and [[adaptation]] of the [[individual]] to existing [[social]] [[conditions]]. In the view of the American [[analysts]] the [[ego]] is to be protected, the job of analysis is to reinforce the [[ego]] against the [[demand]]s of the [[instinctual]] [[id]], the [[moralistic]] [[superego]] and [[external]] [[reality]]. [[ego-psychology|Ego-psychologists]], like [[Heinz Hartmann]] argued , [[Ernst Kris]] and [[Rudolph Loewenstein]], asserted that the [[ego]] had an aspect that was not tied up with the individual's [[neurosis|neurotic]] conflicts. There was a [[conflict]]-free zone (the "[[autonomous ego]]"), which seemed free to act and choose, independent of constraints.

==Treatment==In their view the [[analyst]]'s [[role]] was to become an ally of the 'healthy' [[ego]] forces in their [[struggle]] to dominate [[instinct]]s and [[drive]]s. It was said that the [[patient]], in [[order]] to strengthen his or her "[[autonomous ego]]", should [[identify]] with the [[ego]] of the [[psychoanalyst]]. Hence it was the [[analyst]]'s job to develop a powerful [[ego]].<!-- [[Heinz Hartmann]]'s ''[[EgoPsychology and the Problem of Adaptation]]'' (1939) is regarded as the foundational [[text]] of [[ego-psychology]] holds . [[Hartmann]] was convinced that the innate elements of a "conflict-free" sphere allow the [[ego]] has to function autonomously and independently of [[mental]] conflict. According to [[Hartmann]], [[psychoanalytic]] treatment aims to expand the conflict-free sphere of ego functioning. By doing so, [[Hartmann]] believed, [[psychoanalysis]] facilitates [[adaptation]], that is, more effective mutual regulation of [[autonomous ego|autonomous energy ]] and functions independently[[environment]]. [[Treatment]] tends to be based on the establishment of a therapeutic alliance in which the [[patient]] [[identifies]] with the strong [[ego]] of the [[analyst]].-->

The principal theorists ==Criticism==[[Lacan]] attacks this position with many arguments. First, he criticizes the [[ego-psychology|ego-psychologist]]'s [[concept]] of a "healthy part" of the [[ego]]. How, asks Lacan, can they [[know]] which "part" is "healthy"? [[Lacan]] challenged all the central [[concepts]] of [[ego-psychology]] are Heinz Hartmann, Rudolf Loewenstein such as the concepts of [[adaptation]] and Ernst Kris; its main journal the [[autonomous ego]]. Does this not assume that the [[purpose]] of [[analysis]] is achieved by an [[identification]] with the American-based [[analyst]]''Psychoanalytic Study s [[ego]]? Is the [[goal]] of [[psychoanalysis]] to bring the [[patient]] to see the world as the Child'[[analyst]] sees it? [[Lacan]] traces most of [[ego-psychology]]'s problems and contradictions to the [[idea]] that there is an "[[objective]]", published since 1945"[[knowledge|knowable]]" [[reality]].

For [[Lacan]]'s [[analyst]], the [[Rudolph Loewensteinego]], was one of is the [[ego-psychologyenemy]]'s founding fathers.   ==History The origin of Ego-Psychology==  and the trend became firmly established in [[Heinz Hartmann]]'s ''[[Ego Psychology and the Problem of Adaptationego]]'' (1939), which is now regarded as in the foundational text of [[ego-psychologymirror phase]].  The [[Ego-psychologymirror]] was taken to , held by the [[United Statesmother]] by , proffers the Austrian analysts who emigrated there in the late 1930s, developmentally half-formed and since the early 1950s it has been the dominant school of muscularly uncontrolled [[psychoanalysischild]] not only in the its first idea of itself as a [[United Statesstable]] but also in the whole of the [[IPAunified]]. This position of dominance has enabled [[ego-psychologyappearance]] to present itself as the inheritor of . The [[Freudego]]ian is constituted by "[[psychoanalysisalienating]] in its purist form, when in fact there are radical differences between some of its tenets and [[Freudidentification]]'s work". The dominance   ==Jacques Lacan's Criticism==  [[Lacan]]'s        For much own conception of his professional life, the [[Lacanego]] disputed suggests that it must be profoundly distrusted because it is unable to discriminate the [[ego-psychologysubject]]'s claim to be the true heir to the Freudian legacy   After own [[Lacandesire]] was expelled s from the [[IPAdesire]] in 1953, he was free to voice his criticisms s of [[ego-psychologyothers]] openly, and during the rest of his life he developed a sustained and powerful critique. Much of [[According to Lacan]]ian theory cannot be properly understood without reference to , the ideas of [[ego-psychology]] with which is not [[Lacanautonomous ego|autonomous]] contrasts it.  , but subordinated and [[Lacanalienation|alienated]] challenged all to the central concepts of people and [[ego-psychologyimage]], such as the concepts of s with which it has [[adaptationidentification|identified]] and the during its [[autonomous egodevelopment]].  His criticisms of He thought that an [[ego-psychologyanalysis]] are often intertwined had failed if it ended with his criticisms of the [[IPAanalysand]] which was dominated by this particular [[schoolidentification|identifying]] of thought.  with the [[Lacananalyst]] presents both [[ego-psychology]] and . At the conclusion of [[IPAtherapy]] as , what should have disappeared is the "antithesis" armour of true psychoanalysis.<ref>{{E}} p.l16</ref> the [[Lacanego]] argues that both were irremediably corrupted by , the culture glass cage of the United States (see [[factor cnarcissistic]]).  [[Lacanillusion]]'s powerful critique has meant that few people now accept uncritically the claims of [[ego-psychology]] to identify itself as "classical psychoanalysis."