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speech ({{Top}}parole) {{Bottom}}

====Translation=========''Parole''=====The [[French ]] term ''[[parole ]]'' presents considerable difficulty to the [[English ]] translator because it does not correspond to any one [[English ]] [[word. In some contexts it corresponds to the English term 'speech', and in others is best translated as 'word']].

Parole becomes one of the most important terms in Lacan's work from the early 1950s on. In his famous 'Rome discourse', Lacan denounces some contexts it corresponds to the way that the role of [[English]] term "[[speech in psychoanalysis had come to be neglected by contemporary psychoanalytic theory]], " and argues for a renewed focus on speech and LANGUAGE (Lacan, 1953a). Lacan's use of the term parole owes little to Saussure (whose opposition between parole and langue is replaced in Lacan's work with the opposition between parole and langage), and others is far more determined by references to anthropology, theology, and metaphysicsbest translated as "[[word]]."

Anthropology ====Jacques Lacan====Lacan's concept of speech as a 'symbolic exchange' which 'links human beings to each other' (Sl, 142) is clearly influenced by the work of Mauss and LÈvi-Strauss, especially their analysis of the exchange of gifts. Thus Freud's interpretations are described as [[Parole]]'a symbolic gift of speech, pregnant with a secret pact' (E, 79). The concept becomes one of speech as a pact which assigns roles to both the addressee and the addresser is formulated most important terms in [[Lacan]]'s concept of FOUNDING SPEECHwork from the early 1950s on.

Theology =====Psychoanalysis=====Speech also takes on religious and theological connotations in Lacan's work, in terms derived both from Eastern religions (E, 106-7) and the Judaeo-Christian tradition (E, 106). In 1954his famous "[[Rome Discourse]], " [[Lacan discusses ]] denounces the way that the role of [[speech with reference ]] in [[psychoanalysis]] had come to St Augustine's De locutionis significatione (Sl, 247-60). Like the words uttered be neglected by God in Genesiscontemporary [[psychoanalytic theory]], and argues for a renewed focus on [[speech is a 'symbolic invocation' which creates]] and [[language]].<ref>{{L}}. "[[Works of Jacques Lacan|Fonction et champ de la parole et du langage en psychanalyse]], ex nihilo" 1953a, 'a new order in {{E}} p.237-322. ["[[The Function and Field of being Speech and Language in the relations between men' (SlPsychoanalysis]], 239)" in {{E}}.p. 30-113]</ref>

Metaphysics ====Influences====[[Lacan draws on Heidegger]]'s distinction between Rede (discourse) and Gerede (chatter) use of the term ''[[parole]]'' owes little to elaborate his own distinction [[Saussure]] -- whose opposition between 'full speech' ([[parole pleine) ]]'' and 'empty speech' (parole vide) (see E, 40ff.). [[langue]]'' is replaced in [[Lacan first makes this distinction in 1953, and though it no longer plays an important part in his ]]'s work after 1955, it never disappears completely. Full speech articulates with the symbolic dimension of language, whereas empty speech articulates the imaginary dimension of language, the speech from the ego to the counterpart. opposition between ''[[parole]]'' and ''Full speech is a speech full of meaning [sens[langage]]. Empty speech is a speech which has only signification' (Lacan, 1976' --7; Ornicar?and is far more determined by references to [[anthropology]], [[theology]], nos 17/18: 11)and [[metaphysics]].

Full speech is also called =====Anthropology=====[[Lacan]]'true s concept of [[speech]] as a "symbolic exchange" which "links human beings to each other', since it " <ref>{{S1}} p. 142</ref> is closer to clearly influenced by the enigmatic truth work of the subject's desire: 'Full speech is speech which aims at, which forms[[Anthropology|Mauss]] and [[Lévi-Strauss]], especially their analysis of the truth such as it becomes established in the recognition [[Anthropology|exchange of one person by another. Full speech is speech which performs [qui fait actegifts]]' (Sl, 107). 'Full speech, in effect, is defined by its identity with that which it speaks about' (Ec, 381).

In empty Thus [[Freud]]'s [[interpretation]]s are described as "a symbolic gift of speech, on the other hand, the subject is alienated from his desire; in empty speech 'the subject seems to be talking in vain about someone who . pregnant with a secret pact. . can never become one with the assumption of his desire' ("<ref>{{E, 45)}} p.79</ref>

One The concept of the analyst's tasks when listening [[speech]] as a pact which assigns roles to both the analysand is to discern the moments when full speech emerges. Full speech addressee and empty speech are the extreme points on a continuum, and 'between these two extremes, a whole gamut of modes of realisation of speech addresser is deployedformulated in [[Lacan]]' (Sl, 50). The aim s concept of psychoanalytic treatment is to articulate full [[founding speech, which is hard work; full speech can be quite laborious (pÈnible) to articulate (E, 253)]].

Empty speech is not the same as lying; =====Theology=====[[Speech]] also takes on the contrary[[religion|religious]] and [[religion|theological]] connotations in [[Lacan]]'s work, lies often reveal in terms derived both from [[religion|Eastern religion]]s<ref>{{E}} p. 106-7</ref> and the TRUTH about desire more fully than many honest statements (see Sll, 139[[Judaism|Judaeo]]-40)[[Christianity|Christian]] [[religion|tradition]].<ref>{{E}} p.106</ref>

It is never possible In 1954, [[Lacan]] discusses [[speech]] with reference to articulate in speech the whole truth of one[[St Augustine]]'s desire, because of a fundamental 'incompatibility between desire and speech' (E, 275); 'I always tell the truth; not the whole truth, because we are not capable of telling it all. Telling it all is materially impossible' (Lacan, 1973a: 9). Full speech, then, is not the articulation in speech of the whole truth about the subject's desire, but the speech which articulates this truth as fully as possible at a particular time.Speech is the only means of access to the truth about desire; [[St Augustine|De locutionis signification]]e'speech alone is the key to that truth' (E, 172). Moreover, psychoanalytic theory claims that it is only a particular kind of speech that leads to this truth; a speech without conscious control, known as free association<ref>{{S1}} p.247-60</ref>

Like the words uttered by [[Religion|God]] in [[Religion|Genesis]], [[speech 18, 126-7, 129, 133, 149, 188, 198, 228, 245, 269, 271, 278 ]] is a "[[Seminar XIsymbolic|symbolic invocation]]" which creates, ''ex nihilo'', "a new order of being in the relations between men."<ref>{{S1}} p. 239</ref>

[[Lacan]] first makes this distinction in 1953, and though it no longer plays an important part in his work after 1955, it never disappears completely.  =====Symbolic and Imaginary Dimension===== [[speech|Full speech]] articulates the [[symbolic]] dimension of [[language]], whereas [[empty speech]] articulates the [[imaginary]] dimension of [[language]], the [[speech]] from the [[ego]] to the [[counterpart]].  <blockquote>"Full speech is a speech full of meaning [sens]. Empty speech is a speech which has only signification."<ref>{{L}} [[Seminar XXIV|Le Séminaire. Livre XXIV. L'insu que sait de l'une bévue s'aile à mourre, 1976-77]]'', published in ''[[Ornicar?]]'', nos 12-18, 1977-9. p. 11</ref></blockquote> =====Truth of Desire=====[[Speech|Full speech]] is also called "[[speech|true speech]]," since it is closer to the enigmatic [[truth]] of the [[subject]]'s [[desire]]:  <blockquote>"Full speech is speech which aims at, which forms, the truth such as it becomes established in the recognition of one person by another. Full speech is speech which performs [''qui fait acte'']."<ref>{{S1}} p. 107</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>"Full speech, in effect, is defined by its identity with that which it speaks about."<ref>{{Ec}} p. 381</ref></blockquote> In [[speech|empty speech]], on the other hand, the [[subject]] is [[alienated]] from his [[desire]]; in [[speech|empty speech]] "the subject seems to be talking in vain about someone who . . . can never become one with the assumption of his desire."<ref>{{E}} p. 45</ref> =====Analytic Treatment=====One of the [[analyst]]'s tasks when listening to the [[analysand]] is to discern the moments when [[speech|full speech]] emerges.  [[speech|Full speech]] and [[speech|empty speech]] are the extreme points on a continuum, and "between these two extremes, a whole gamut of modes of realisation of speech is deployed."<ref>{{S1}} p. 50</ref>  The [[end of analysis|aim]] of [[psychoanalytic treatment]] is to articulate [[speech|full speech]], which is hard work; [[speech|full speech]] can be quite laborious (''pénible'') to articulate.<ref>{{E}} p. 253</ref> =====Desire and Speech=====[[Speech|Empty speech]] is not the same as [[truth|lying]]; on the contrary, [[truth|lies]] often reveal the [[truth]] about [[desire]] more fully than many [[truth|honest]] [[statement]]s.<ref>{{S11}} p. 139-40</ref> It is never possible to articulate in [[speech]] the whole [[truth]] of one's [[desire]] because of a fundamental "incompatibility between desire and speech."<ref>{{E}} p. 275</ref>. <blockquote>"I always tell the truth; not the whole truth, because we are not capable of telling it all. Telling it all is materially impossible."<ref>{{TV}} p.9</ref></blockquote> [[Speech|Full speech]], then, is not the articulation in [[speech]] of the whole [[truth]] about the [[subject]]'s [[desire]], but the [[speech]] which articulates this truth as fully as possible at a particular [[time]]. [[Speech]] is the only means of access to the [[truth]] about [[desire]]. <blockquote>"Speech alone is the key to that truth."<ref>{{E}} p. 172</ref></blockquote> Moreover, [[psychoanalytic theory]] claims that it is only a particular kind of [[speech]] that leads to this [[truth]]; a [[speech]] without [[conscious]] [[master|control]], known as [[free association]]. ====See Also===={{See}}* [[Communication]]* [[Desire]]||* [[Enunciation]]* [[Intersubjectivity]]||* [[Language]]* [[Religion]]||* [[Subject]]* [[Truth]]||* [[Treatment]]* [[Unconscious]]{{Also}} ==== References ====<div style="font-size:11px" class="references-small">

[[Category:Psychoanalysis]][[Category:Jacques Lacan]][[Category:Symbolic]][[Category:Language]][[Category:Dictionary]][[Category:Concepts]]

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