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| − | | + | =Critical Dictionary= |
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| | The adjective is very widely used to refer to any element of mental activity that is not present within the field of the conscious mind at a given moment. | | The adjective is very widely used to refer to any element of mental activity that is not present within the field of the conscious mind at a given moment. |
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| | A distinction has been made between the [[Freud]]ian [[unconscious]] and [[Jung]]'s concept of a 'collective unconscious'. | | A distinction has been made between the [[Freud]]ian [[unconscious]] and [[Jung]]'s concept of a 'collective unconscious'. |
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| | [[Freud]]'s initial desriptions of the [[unconscious]] are based upon his analysis of dreams (1900). | | [[Freud]]'s initial desriptions of the [[unconscious]] are based upon his analysis of dreams (1900). |
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| | At times, [[Freud]] further speculates that the [[unconscious]] also contains elements of a phylogenetic heritage made up of residual elements of the vicissitudes of human history.<ref>1915d</ref> | | At times, [[Freud]] further speculates that the [[unconscious]] also contains elements of a phylogenetic heritage made up of residual elements of the vicissitudes of human history.<ref>1915d</ref> |
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| | Insofar as it is a system, the [[unconscious]] is described by [[Freud]] as having a number of special characteristics. | | Insofar as it is a system, the [[unconscious]] is described by [[Freud]] as having a number of special characteristics. |
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| | The [[unconscious]] is timeless, indifferent to external reality, oblivious to the notions of negation and doubt, and obeys only the [[pleasure principle]]. | | The [[unconscious]] is timeless, indifferent to external reality, oblivious to the notions of negation and doubt, and obeys only the [[pleasure principle]]. |
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| | Virtually all post-Freudian [[psychoanalysis]] may be regarded as contributing to an understanding of the [[unconscious]], but the most extensive reworking of the concept is that propounded by [[Lacan]]. | | Virtually all post-Freudian [[psychoanalysis]] may be regarded as contributing to an understanding of the [[unconscious]], but the most extensive reworking of the concept is that propounded by [[Lacan]]. |
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| | Drawing on the [[linguistics]] of [[Saussure]] and [[Jakobson]]'s work on 'aphasia', [[Lacan]] argues that [[symptom]]s and [[unconscious]] [[formation]]s such as the [[dream-work]] display the same formal properties as the rhetorical devices of [[metaphor]]/[[metonymy]], which he likens to the mechanisms of [[condensation]] and [[displacement]]. | | Drawing on the [[linguistics]] of [[Saussure]] and [[Jakobson]]'s work on 'aphasia', [[Lacan]] argues that [[symptom]]s and [[unconscious]] [[formation]]s such as the [[dream-work]] display the same formal properties as the rhetorical devices of [[metaphor]]/[[metonymy]], which he likens to the mechanisms of [[condensation]] and [[displacement]]. |
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| − | ==See Also==
| + | =References= |
| − | * [[Memory]]
| + | unconscious 12-13, 19-36, 39-41, 43, 45-8, 56, 56-60, 68, 72, 76, 79, 82-3, 100, 102, * 104, 119, 125-31, 133-50, 152-5, 156-7, 161-2, 174, 176, 181, 187-8, 197, 199-200, 203, * 207-8, 217, 221, 224, 231-2, 235, 242, 247, 249-52, 257, 260, 263, 267, 274 [[Seminar XI]] |
| − | * [[Knowledge]]
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| − | ==References==
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| − | <references/>
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| − | ==def==
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| − | ''For the physiological state of "being unconscious", as when knocked-out or asleep, see [[unconsciousness]].''
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| − | In [[psychoanalytic theory]], the '''unconscious''' refers to that part of mental functioning of which the [[subject (philosophy)|subject]] makes himself unaware. The psychoanalytic unconscious is similar to but not precisely the same as the popular notion of the [[subconscious]].
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| − | For psychoanalysis, the unconscious does not include all of what is simply not conscious - it does not include e.g. motor skills - but rather, only what is actively [[psychological repression|repressed]] from conscious thought.
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| − | As defined by [[Sigmund Freud]], the [[psyche]] is composed of different levels of consciousness, often defined in three parts as
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| − | *preconsciousness
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| − | *the waking [[consciousness]]
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| − | *and beneath both of these, the unconscious.
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| − | For Freud, the unconscious was a depository for socially unacceptable ideas, wishes or desires, traumatic memories, and painful emotions put out of mind by the mechanism of [[psychological repression]]. However, the contents did not necessarily have to be solely negative. In the psychoanalytic view, the unconscious is a force that can only be recognized by its effects - it expresses itself in the [[symptom]].
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| − | At the present stage, there are still fundamental disagreements within psychology about the nature of the unconscious mind (if indeed it is considered to exist at all), whereas outside formal psychology a whole world of pop-psychological speculation has grown up in which the unconscious mind is held to have any number of properties and abilities, from animalistic and innocent, child-like aspects to [[savant]]-like, all-perceiving, [[mysticism|mystical]] and [[occult]]ic properties.
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| − | ==The psychoanlytic unconscious==
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| − | Unconscious thoughts are not directly accessible to ordinary [[introspection]], but it is capable of being "tapped" and "interpreted" by special methods and techniques such as random association, dream analysis, and [[verbal]] slips (commonly known as a [[Freudian slip]]), examined and conducted during [[psychoanalysis]].
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| − | ===Freud's definition===
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| − | Probably the most detailed and precise of the various notions of 'unconscious mind' - and the one which most people will immediately think of upon hearing the term - is that developed by Sigmund Freud and his followers, and which lies at the heart of psychoanalysis. It should be stressed, incidentally, that the popular term 'subconscious' is not a [[Freudian]] coinage and is never used in serious psychoanalytic writings.
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| − | Freud's concept was a more subtle and complex psychological theory than many. Consciousness, in Freud's topographical view (which was his first of several psychological models of the mind) was a relatively thin perceptual aspect of the mind, whereas the subconscious (frequently misused and confused with the unconscious) was that merely autonomic function of the brain. The unconscious was indeed considered by Freud throughout the evolution of his psychoanalytic theory a sentient force of will influenced by human drives and yet operating well below the perceptual conscious mind. Hidden, like the man behind the curtain in the "Wizard of Oz," the unconscious directs the thoughts and feelings of everyone, according to Freud. This unconscious mind is the primitive instinctual hangover we all suffer from and which we must overcome in a healthy way in order to become fully and normally developed, i.e., not [[neurosis|neurotic]] or [[psychosis|psychotic]] but merely unhappy (See Frank Sulloway's ''Freud, Biologist of the Mind'', Basic Books, 1983).
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| − | In another of Freud's systematizations, the mind is divided into the conscious mind or [[Ego]] and two parts of the Unconscious: the [[Ego, Superego and Id|Id]] or [[instinct]]s and the [[Superego]]. Freud used the idea of the unconscious in order to explain certain kinds of neurotic behavior. (See [[psychoanalysis]].)
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| − | Freud's theory of the unconscious was substantially transformed by some of his followers, among them [[Carl Jung]] and [[Jacques Lacan]].
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| − | ===Jung's [[collective unconscious]]===
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| − | [[Carl Jung]] developed the concept further. He divided the unconscious into two parts: the personal unconscious and the [[collective unconscious]]. The first of these corresponds to Freud's idea of the subconscious, though unlike his mentor, Jung believed that the personal unconscious contained a valuable counter-balance to the conscious mind, as well as childish urges. As for the collective unconscious, which consists of [[archetypes]], this is the common store of mental building blocks that makes up the psyche of all humans. Evidence for its existence is the universality of certain symbols that appear in the mythologies of nearly all peoples.
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| − | ===Lacan's linguistic unconscious===
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| − | [[Jacques Lacan]]'s [[psychoanalytic theory]] contends that the unconscious is structured like a language.
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| − | The unconscious, Lacan argued, was not a more primitive or archetypal part of the mind separate from the conscious, linguistic ego, but rather, a formation every bit as complex and linguistically sophisticated as consciousness itself. (Compare [[collective unconscious]]).
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| − | If the unconscious is structured like a language, Lacan argues, then the self is denied any point of reference to which to be 'restored' following trauma or 'identity crisis'. In this way, Lacan's thesis of the structurally dynamic unconscious is also a challenge to the [[ego psychology]] that [[Freud]] himself opposed.
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| − | Lacan's idea of how language is structured is largely taken from the [[structural linguistics]] of [[Ferdinand de Saussure]] and [[Roman Jakobson]], based on the function of the [[signifier]] and [[signified]] in [[signifying chain]]s. This may leave Lacan's entire model of mental functioning open to severe critique, since in mainstream linguistics, Saussurean models have largely been replaced by those of e.g. [[Noam Chomsky]].
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| − | The starting point for the linguistic theory of the unconscious was a re-reading of Freud's ''[[The Interpretation of Dreams]]''. There, Freud identifies two mechanisms at work in the formation of unconscious fantasies: condensation and displacement. Under Lacan's linguistic reading, condensation is identified with the linguistic trope of [[metonymy]], and displacement with [[metaphor]].
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| − | ==Controversy==
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| − | Many modern philosophers and social scientists either dispute the concept of an unconscious, or argue that it is not something that can be scientifically investigated or discussed rationally. In the social sciences, this view was first brought forward by [[John B. Watson|John Watson]], considered to be the first American behaviourist. Among philosophers, [[Karl Popper]] was one of Freud's most notable contemporary opponents. Popper argued that Freud's theory of the unconscious was not [[Falsifiability|falsifiable]], and therefore not scientifical. However, critics of Popper have underlined that Popper's exclusion of psychoanalysis from the normal domain of science was a direct consequence of his specific definition of science as being constituted by what may be falsifiable. In other words, Popper defined science in terms which necessarily led to the exclusion of psychoanalysis. Thus, defining science in another way may lead to including psychoanalysis into this domain of [[knowledge]].
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| − | Still, many, perhaps most, psychologists and cognitive scientists agree that many things of which we are not conscious happen in our mind(s).
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| − | John Watson criticizes the idea of an "unconscious mind," because he wanted scientists to focus on observable behaviors, seen from the outside, rather than on introspection. Karl Popper objected not so much to the idea that things happened in our minds that we are unconscious of; he objected to investigations of mind that were not falsifiable. If Freud could connect every imaginable experimental outcome with his theory of the unconscious mind, then no experiment can refute his theory.
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| − | The argument seems to be about ''how'' mind will be studied, not whether there is anything that happens unconsciously or not.
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| − | ==Pre-Freudian history of the idea==
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| − | The idea originated in antiquity, and its more modern history is detailed in Henri F. Ellenberger's ''Discovery of the Unconscious'' (Basic Books, 1970).
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| − | Certain philosophers preceding Sigmund Freud, such as [[Gottfried Leibniz|Leibniz]], [[Arthur Schopenhauer|Schopenhauer]], and [[Friedrich Nietzsche|Nietzsche]], developed ideas foreshadowing the modern idea of the unconscious. The new [[medical]] science of [[psychoanalysis]] established by Freud and his disciples popularized this and similar notions such as the role of the [[libido]] (sex drive) and the self-destructive urge of [[thanatos]] (death wish), and the famous [[Oedipus complex]], wherein a son seeks to "kill" his father to make love to his own mother.
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| − | The term was popularized by Freud. He developed the idea that there were layers to human consciousness: the conscious, preconscious, and unconscious. He thought that certain psychic events take place "below the surface", or in the unconscious mind. A good example is [[dreams|dreaming]], which Freud called the "royal road to the unconscious".
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| − | ==See also==
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| − | ==External links==
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| − | <ref>unconscious 12-13, 19-36, 39-41, 43, 45-8, 56, 56-60, 68, 72, 76, 79, 82-3, 100, 102, * 104, 119, 125-31, 133-50, 152-5, 156-7, 161-2, 174, 176, 181, 187-8, 197, 199-200, 203, * 207-8, 217, 221, 224, 231-2, 235, 242, 247, 249-52, 257, 260, 263, 267, 274 [[Seminar XI]]</ref>
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| − | == References ==
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| − | <references/>
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Critical Dictionary
The adjective is very widely used to refer to any element of mental activity that is not present within the field of the conscious mind at a given moment.
The noun-form is now usually used in the psychoanalytic sense, and refers to the unconscious system described by Freud's first topography of the psyche.
In the second topography, the unconscious system is replaced by the agency of the id, but [Freud]] continues to use "unconscious" as an adjective.
Although Freud is often credited with the discovery of the unconscious, it is clear tha tthe notion of a non-conscious part of the mind has a long history in both philosophy and the psychological sciences.
A distinction has been made between the Freudian unconscious and Jung's concept of a 'collective unconscious'.
---
Freud's initial desriptions of the unconscious are based upon his analysis of dreams (1900).
Dreams are described as the royal road the the unconscious because they represent the fulfilment of unconscious wishes that are inadmissible to the preconscious-conscious system, usually because of their sexual nature.
Further confirmation of the existence of an unconscious system is provided by Freud's study of phenomena such as parapraxis (101) and jokes (1905b); everyday phenomena such as slips of the tongue, bungled actions, lapses of memory and the inability to recall names all point to the existence of the unconscious.
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The contents of the unconscious are described as representatives of the drives and as unconscious wishes and desires that are organized into imaginary scenarios and narratives.
Many of these elements have been subjecte to repression or have been refused entry to the conscious mind.
Others relate to fantasies or memories relating to the primal scene or the Oedipus complex.
At times, Freud further speculates that the unconscious also contains elements of a phylogenetic heritage made up of residual elements of the vicissitudes of human history.[1]
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Insofar as it is a system, the unconscious is described by Freud as having a number of special characteristics.
It is governed by the primary processes of the free circulation of energy and libido, and characterized by the mobility of cathexis.
The unconscious is timeless, indifferent to external reality, oblivious to the notions of negation and doubt, and obeys only the pleasure principle.
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Virtually all post-Freudian psychoanalysis may be regarded as contributing to an understanding of the unconscious, but the most extensive reworking of the concept is that propounded by Lacan.
In his celebrated "Rome Discourse" on the field and function of language and speech in psychoanalysis (1953), Lacan describes the unconscious as the censored chapter in the history of the individual subject.
The truth of this censored chapter can, however, be found elsewhere; it exists in the form of 'monuments' such as the nuclei of a neurosis, the symptoms that can be read like some strange language.
It can be found in the 'documents' of infantile memories, in the indivudal's character traits, and in the fragments that link the censored chapter to the chapters that precede and follow it.
Lacan remarks that psychoanalysis is quite literally a talking cure, with speech as its sole medium, and goes on to describe the unconscious as being structured like a language (1957).
Drawing on the linguistics of Saussure and Jakobson's work on 'aphasia', Lacan argues that symptoms and unconscious formations such as the dream-work display the same formal properties as the rhetorical devices of metaphor/metonymy, which he likens to the mechanisms of condensation and displacement.
References
unconscious 12-13, 19-36, 39-41, 43, 45-8, 56, 56-60, 68, 72, 76, 79, 82-3, 100, 102, * 104, 119, 125-31, 133-50, 152-5, 156-7, 161-2, 174, 176, 181, 187-8, 197, 199-200, 203, * 207-8, 217, 221, 224, 231-2, 235, 242, 247, 249-52, 257, 260, 263, 267, 274 Seminar XI
