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Although [[Image:Freudpsyche.gif|thumb|300px|right|[[Unconscious|Freud's Model of the term Unconscious]]]]==="Topological Model"===The "'''[[unconscioustopographical model]]'''" [[divides]] the [[mind]] or [[psyche]] into [[three]] [[separate]] component parts -- or "[[scene|psychical localities]]" :* the '''[[conscious]]''' ('''[[Frconscious|Cs]]. '''),* the '''[[preconscious]]''' ('''[[inconscientpreconscious|Pcs]]''') had been used by writers prior to and* the [[Freudunconscious]] ('''[[unconscious|Ucs]], it acquires a completely original meaning in his work, in which it constitutes the single most important concept.''')

The [[unconscious|unconscious system]] is not merely that which is ''[[outside]]'' the field of [[consciousness]] at a given [[time]], but that which has been radically [[separation|separated]] from [[consciousness]] by [[repression]] and thus cannot enter the [[conscious|conscious--preconscious system]] without [[distortion]].

==="Structural Model"===[[Freud]] distinguished between two uses 's second [[model]] of the term [[mind]] or [[psyche]] -- the "'''[[unconsciousStructural theory]].'''"<ref>1915e</ref> -- consisted of three "'''[[agencies]]'''":* the '''[[id]]''',* the '''[[ego]]''', and* the '''[[superego]]'''

As an adjectiveIn this model, it simply refers no one '''[[agency]]''' is identical to mental processes that are not the subject of [[consciousunconscious]], since even the [[ego]] and the [[superego]] have [[unconscious]] attention at a given momentparts.

As a noun (the ==Jacques Lacan=====Early Work===[[unconsciousLacan]]; , before 1950, uses the term "[[Gerunconscious]]. " principally in its ''[[das Unbewußte]]adjectival form''), it designates one of the psychical systems which [[Freud]] described in making his first theory of early [[psyche|mentalwork]] seem particularly strange to those who are more familiar with [[structureFreud]] (the "'s [[unconsciousSigmund Freud:Bibliography|topographical modelwritings]]").

According to this theory===Later Work===In the 1950s, however, the as [[psyche|mindLacan]] is divided into three systems or "psychical localities,begins his " the [[consciousreturn to Freud]] (," the term appears more frequently as a ''noun'Cs'''), and [[Lacan]] increasingly emphasizes the originality of [[preconsciousFreud]] ('''Pcs''') and s concept of the [[unconscious]] ('''Ucs'''), stressing that it is not merely the opposite of [[consciousness]].

The <blockquote>"A large [[unconsciousnumber]] system is not merely of psychical effects that which is outside are quite legitimately designated as unconscious, in the field of [[consciousnesssense]] at a given timeof excluding the characteristics of consciousness, but that which has been radically separated from [[consciousness]] by [[repression]] and thus cannot enter are nonetheless without any relation whatever to the unconscious in the [[consciousFreudian]]-[[preconscious]] system without distortionsense."<ref>{{E}} p.163</ref></blockquote>

In ===Biological Reductionism===[[FreudLacan]]'s second theory argues that the concept of the [[mentalunconscious]] was badly misunderstood by most of [[structureFreud]] (the "'s followers, who reduced it to [[structural theorybeing]]"), merely the seat of the [[mindinstincts]] is divided into the three "agencies." <ref>{{E}} p. 147</ref> Against this [[biology|biologistic]] mode of [[egothought]], [[superegoLacan]] and argues that "the unconscious is neither primordial nor [[instinctual]];"<ref>{{E}} p. 170</ref> it is primarily [[idlinguistic]].

In this model===Language===This is summed up in [[Lacan]]'s famous [[formula]], no one agency "[[unconscious|the unconscious is identical to structured like a language]]."<ref>{{S3}} p.167</ref> [[Lacan]]'s analysis of the [[unconscious]], since even the in [[terms]] of [[synchronic]] [[structure]] is supplemented by his [[egoidea]] and of the [[superegounconscious]] have opening and closing in a [[unconscioustime|temporal pulsation]] parts.<ref>{{S11}} p. 143, 204</ref>

===Discourse===[[Lacan]]also describes the [[unconscious]] as a [[discourse]]: "[[unconscious|The unconscious is the discourse of the Other]]."<ref>{{Ec}} p. 16</ref> This enigmatic formula, before 1950which has become one of [[Lacan]]'s most famous dictums, uses can be [[understood]] in many ways. Perhaps the term most important meaning is that "one should see in the unconscious the effects of speech on the subject."<ref>{{S11}} p. 126</ref> More precisely, the [[unconscious]]" principally is the effects of the [[signifier]] on the [[subject]], in that the [[signifier]] is what is [[repressed]] and what returns in its adjectival formthe [[formation]]s of the [[unconscious]] ([[symptom]]s, making his early work seem particularly strange to those who are more familiar with [[Freudjokes]], [[parapraxes]], [[dream]]'s writings, etc.).

In the 1950s, however, as [[Lacan]] begins his "[[return to Freud]]," the term appears more frequently as a noun, and [[Lacan]] increasingly emphasizes the originality of [[Freud]]'s concept of the [[unconscious]], stressing that it is not merely the opposite of [[consciousness]]. <blockquote>"A large number of psychical effects that are quite legitimately designated as unconscious, in the sense of excluding the characteristics of consciousness, are nonetheless without any relation whatever to the unconscious in the Freudian sense."<ref>{{E}} p.163</ref></blockquote> He also insists that the [[unconscious]] cannot simply be equated with "that which is repressed." -- [[Lacan]] argues that the concept of the [[unconscious]] was badly misunderstood by most of [[Freud]]'s followers, who reduced it to being "merely the seat of the instincts."<ref>{{E}} p.147</ref> Against this [[biology|biologistic]] mode of thought, [[Lacan]] argues that "the unconscious is neither primordial nor instinctual;"<ref>{{E}} p.170</ref> it is primarily [[linguistic]].  This is summed up in [[Lacan]]'s famous formula, "the unconscious is structured like a language."<ref>{{S3}} p.167</ref> [[Lacan]]'s analysis of the [[unconscious]] in terms of [[synchronic]] [[structure]] is supplemented by his idea of the [[unconscious]] opening and closing in a temporal pulsation.<ref>{{S11}} p.143, 204</ref> -- Some [[psychoanalyst]]s have objected to [[Lacan]]'s [[linguistic]] approach to the [[unconscious]] on the grounds that it is overly restrictive, and on the grounds that [[Freud]] himself excluded ''word-presentations'' from the [[unconscious]].<ref>{{S7}} p.44</ref> [[Lacan]] himself qualifies his [[linguistic]] approach by arguing that the reason why the [[unconscious]] is [[structure]]d like a [[language]] is that "we only grasp the unconscious finally when it is explicated, in that part of it which is articulated by passing into words."<ref>{{S7}} p.32</ref> --- [[Lacan]] also describes the [[unconscious]] as a [[discourse]]: "The unconscious is the discourse of the Other."<ref>{{Ec}} p.16</ref> This enigmatic formula, which has become one of [[Lacan]]'s most famous dictums, can be understood in many ways.  Perhaps the most important meaning is that "one should see in the unconscious the effects of speech on the subject."<ref>{{S11}} p.126</ref> More precisely, the [[unconscious]] is the effects of the [[signifier]] on the [[subject]], in that the [[signifier]] is what is [[repressed]] and what returns in the [[formation]]s of the [[unconscious]] ([[symptom]]s, [[jokes]], [[parapraxes]], [[dream]]s, etc.). --===Symbolic===All the references to [[language]], [[speech]], [[discourse]] and [[signifier]]s clearly locate the [[unconscious]] in the [[order ]] of the [[symbolic]].  <blockquote>Indeed, "the unconscious is [[structured ]] as a function of [[the symbolic]]."<ref>{{S7}} p.12</ref></blockquote>

--===Exteriority===The [[unconscious]] is not interior: on the contrary, since [[speech]] and [[language]] are [[intersubjective]] phenomena, the [[unconscious]] is "transindividual."<ref>{{E}} p.49</ref> The [[unconscious]] is, so to speak, "outside." <blockquote>"This exteriority of the symbolic in relation to man is the very notion of the unconscious."<ref>{{Ec}} p.469</ref></blockquote> If the [[unconscious]] seems interior, this is an effect of the [[imaginary]], which blocks the relationship between the [[subject]] and the [[Other]] and which [[invert]]s the [[message]] of the [[Other]]. -- Although the [[unconscious]] is especially visible in the [[formation]]s of the [[unconsciousspeak]], "the unconscious leaves none of our actions outside its field."<ref>{{E}} p.163</ref>  The [[law]]s of the [[unconscious]], which are those of [[repetition]] and [[desire]], are as ubiquitous as [[structure]] itself.  The [[unconscious]] is irreducible, so the aim of [[analysis]] cannot be to make [[conscious]] the [[unconscious]].

===Formations===Although the [[unconscious]] is especially [[visible]] in the [[formation]]s of the [[unconscious]], "the unconscious leaves none of our actions outside its field."<ref>{{E}} p. 163</ref> The [[law]]s of the [[unconscious]], which are those of [[repetition]] and [[desire]], are as ubiquitous as [[structure]] itself. The [[unconscious]] is irreducible, so the aim of [[analysis]] cannot be to make [[conscious]] the [[unconscious]]. In addition to the various [[linguistic]] [[metaphor]]s which [[Lacan]] draws on to conceptualize the [[unconscious]] ([[discourse]], [[language]], [[speech]]), he also conceives of the [[unconscious]] in other terms.

The [[unconscious]] is also a kind of [[memory]], in the sense of a [[symbolic]] [[history]] of the [[signifier]]s that have determined the [[subject]] in the course of his [[life]].

Since it is an articulation of [[signifier]]s in a [[signifying chain]], the [[unconscious]] is a kind of [[knowledge]] ([[symbolic]] [[knowledge]], or ''[[savoir]]'').   More precisely, it is an "[[unconscious|unknown knowledge]]."

* [[KnowledgeRepetition]]* [[Signifier]]||* [[Speech]]* [[Structure]]* [[Symbolic]] {{Also}}