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{{Top}}[[inconscient]]]]'', |-|| [[German]]: ''[[Unbewußte{{Bottom}}

While ==Sigmund Freud==Although the term "[[unconscious]]" had been used by writers prior to [[Freud]], it acquires a completely original [[meaning]] in his [[Sigmund Freud:Bibliography|work]], in which it constitutes the notion single most important [[concept]]. [[Freud]] distinguished between two uses of a the term "[[unconscious]]."<ref>{{F}} "[[Works of Sigmund Freud|non-consciousThe Unconscious]]." 1915e. [[SE]] part XIV, 161</ref> The adjective it is very widely used to refer to any element of [[mental]] or [[psychic]] [[activity]] that is not [[present]] within the field of [[mindconsciousness]] ; as an ''adjective'', it simply refers to mental or psychic [[processes]] that are not the subject of, that occur in the [[absence]] of, [[psycheconsciousness|conscious awareness, thought, attention, perception or control]] has . As a long history in both ''noun'', the ''noun-[[philosophyform]] and '' designates one of the ''[[psychical]] systems'' described by [[Freud]] in his [[psychologytopology|psychologicaltopographical model]] of the [[science|sciencespsyche]], his first [[Sigmund Freudtheory]] is often credited with the discovery of the [[unconsciouspsyche|mental]] [[structure]].

Although the term "[[unconscious]]" had been used by writers prior to [[Freud]], it acquires a completely original meaning in his work, in which it constitutes the single most important concept. ===Definition===[[Freud]] distinguished between two uses of the term "[[unconscious]].Topological Model"<ref>{{F}} "[[Works of Sigmund Freud|The Unconscious]]." 1915e. [[SE]] XIV, 161</ref>  =====Adjective=====The adjective it is very widely used to refer to any element of mental or psychic activity that is not present within the field of [[consciousness]]; as an '"'adjective'', it simply refers to mental or psychic processes that are not the subject of, that occur in the absence of, [[consciousness|conscious awareness, thought, attention, perception or controltopographical model]]. =====Noun=====As a ''noun'', the ''noun-form'' designates one of the ''psychical systems'', refers to the [[unconscious|unconscious]] system, described by [[Freud]]'s, which [[Freud]] described in his, first theory of [[psyche|mental]] " [[structuredivides]] (the "[[topographical modelmind]]"), first [[topography]] of the or [[psyche]]. =="Topological Model"==According to the into [[Freudthree]]'s first "[[topographical modelseparate]]", the [[mind]] or [[psyche]]is divided into three three separate component parts, systems -- or "[[scene|psychical localities]]": * the '''[[conscious]] ''' ('''[[conscious|Cs]]'''),* the '''[[preconscious]] ''' ('''[[preconscious|Pcs]]''') and

The [[unconscious|unconscious system]] is not merely that which is ''[[outside]]'' the field of [[consciousness]] at a given [[time]], but that which has been radically [[separation|separated]] from [[consciousness]] by [[repression]] and thus cannot enter the [[conscious|conscious-preconscious system]] without [[distortion]].

==="Structural Model"===In [[Freud]]'s second theory [[model]] of the [[mentalmind]] or [[structurepsyche]] (-- the "'''[[structural Structural theory]]'''"), the -- consisted of three "'''[[mindagencies]] is divided into '''":* the three "agencies" of '''[[egoid]]''', * the '''[[superegoego]] ''', and * the '''[[idsuperego]]. '''

In this model, in the second [[topography]], the no one '''[[unconscious|unconscious system]] is replaced by the agency of the [[id]], but [Freud]] continues to use "[[unconscious]]" as an adjective, no one agency ''' is identical to the [[unconscious]], since even the [[ego]] and the [[superego]] have [[unconscious]] parts.

===Early Work===[[Lacan]], before 1950, uses the term "[[unconscious]]" principally in its ''adjectival form'', making his early [[work ]] seem particularly strange to those who are more familiar with [[Freud]]'s [[Sigmund Freud:Bibliography|writings]].

<blockquote>"A large [[number ]] of psychical effects that are quite legitimately designated as unconscious, in the [[sense ]] of excluding the characteristics of consciousness, are nonetheless without any relation whatever to the unconscious in the [[Freudian ]] sense."<ref>{{E}} p.163</ref></blockquote> He also insists that the [[unconscious]] cannot simply be equated with "that which is repressed."

===Biology===[[Lacan]] argues He also insists that the concept of the [[unconscious]] was badly misunderstood by most of cannot simply be equated with "[[Freudunconscious|that which is repressed]]'s followers, who reduced it to being "merely the seat of the instincts."<ref>{{E}} p. 147</ref>

===Biological Reductionism===[[Lacan]] argues that the concept of the [[unconscious]] was badly misunderstood by most of [[Freud]]'s followers, who reduced it to [[being]] "merely the seat of the [[instincts]]."<ref>{{E}} p. 147</ref> Against this [[biology|biologistic]] mode of [[thought]], [[Lacan]] argues that "the unconscious is neither primordial nor [[instinctual]];"<ref>{{E}} p. 170</ref> it is primarily [[linguistic]].

This is summed up in [[Lacan]]'s famous [[formula]], "[[unconscious|the unconscious is structured like a language]]."<ref>{{S3}} p.167</ref>  [[Lacan]]'s analysis of the [[unconscious]] in [[terms ]] of [[synchronic]] [[structure]] is supplemented by his [[idea ]] of the [[unconscious]] opening and closing in a [[time|temporal pulsation]].<ref>{{S11}} p. 143, 204</ref>

Some [[psychoanalyst]]s have objected to [[Lacan]]'s [[linguistic]] approach to the [[unconscious]] on the grounds that it is overly restrictive, and on the grounds that [[Freud]] himself excluded ''[[word-presentations]]'' from the [[unconscious]].<ref>{{S7}} p. 44</ref> [[Lacan]] himself qualifies his [[linguistic]] approach by arguing that the [[reason ]] why the [[unconscious]] is [[structure]]d like a [[language]] is that "we only grasp the unconscious finally when it is explicated, in that part of it which is articulated by passing into [[words]]."<ref>{{S7}} p. 32</ref>

[[Lacan]] also describes the [[unconscious]] as a [[discourse]]: "[[unconscious|The unconscious is the discourse of the Other]]."<ref>{{Ec}} p. 16</ref>  This enigmatic formula, which has become one of [[Lacan]]'s most famous dictums, can be [[understood ]] in many ways.   Perhaps the most important meaning is that "one should see in the unconscious the effects of speech on the subject."<ref>{{S11}} p. 126</ref>  More precisely, the [[unconscious]] is the effects of the [[signifier]] on the [[subject]], in that the [[signifier]] is what is [[repressed]] and what returns in the [[formation]]s of the [[unconscious]] ([[symptom]]s, [[jokes]], [[parapraxes]], [[dream]]s, etc.).

All the references to [[language]], [[speech]], [[discourse]] and [[signifier]]s clearly locate the [[unconscious]] in the [[order ]] of the [[symbolic]].  <blockquote>Indeed, "the unconscious is [[structured ]] as a function of [[the symbolic]]."<ref>{{S7}} p. 12</ref></blockquote>

The [[unconscious]] is not interior: on the contrary, since [[speech]] and [[language]] are [[intersubjective]] phenomena, the [[unconscious]] is "transindividual."<ref>{{E}} p.49</ref>The [[unconscious]] is, so to [[speak]], "outside."

The <blockquote>"This exteriority of the symbolic in relation to man is the very [[unconsciousnotion]] is, so to speak, of the unconscious."outside<ref>{{Ec}} p."469</ref></blockquote>

<blockquote>"This exteriority of the symbolic in relation to man is the very notion of the unconscious."<ref>{{Ec}} p.469</ref></blockquote> If the [[unconscious]] seems interior, this is an effect of the [[imaginary]], which blocks the [[relationship ]] between the [[subject]] and the [[Other]] and which [[invert]]s the [[message]] of the [[Other]].

Although the [[unconscious]] is especially [[visible ]] in the [[formation]]s of the [[unconscious]], "the unconscious leaves none of our actions outside its field."<ref>{{E}} p.163</ref>   The [[law]]s of the [[unconscious]], which are those of [[repetition]] and [[desire]], are as ubiquitous as [[structure]] itself.   The [[unconscious]] is irreducible, so the aim of [[analysis]] cannot be to make [[conscious]] the [[unconscious]].  In addition to the various [[linguistic]] [[metaphor]]s which [[Lacan]] draws on to conceptualize the [[unconscious]] ([[discourse]], [[language]], [[speech]]), he also conceives of the [[unconscious]] in other terms.

The [[unconscious]] is also a kind of [[memory]], in the sense of a [[symbolic]] [[history]] of the [[signifier]]s that have determined the [[subject]] in the course of his [[life]].

Since it is an articulation of [[signifier]]s in a [[signifying chain]], the [[unconscious]] is a kind of [[knowledge]] ([[symbolic]] [[knowledge]], or ''[[savoir]]'').   More precisely, it is an "[[unconscious|unknown knowledge]]."

===See Also===

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