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cogito Lacan's works abound in references to the famous phrase by

Lacan's works abound in references to the famous phrase by Descartes, cogito ergo sum ('I think, therefore I am' - see Descartes, 1637: 54). This phrase (which Lacan often refers to simply as 'the cogito') comes to stand, in Lacan's work, for Descartes's entire philosophy. Lacan's attitude to Cartesianism is extremely complex, and only a few of the most important points can be summarised here.  1. On one level, the cogito comes to stand for the modern western concept of the EGo[[Ego]], based as it is on the notions of the self-sufficiency and self-transpar- ency transparency of CONSCIOUSNEss[[consciousness]], and the autonomy of the ego (see E, 6). Although Lacan does not believe that the modern western concept of the ego was invented by Descartes or by any other individual, he argues that it was born in the same era  m in which Descartes was writing (the mid-sixteenth to the early seventeenth century), and is particularly clearly expressed by Descartes (see S2, 6-7). Thus, although this concept of the ego seems so natural and eternal to western  man today, it is in fact a relatively recent cultural construct; its eternal-natural appearance is in fact an illusion produced by retroaction (S2, 4-5).  Lacan argues that the experience of psychoanalytic treatment 'is an experience that leads us to oppose any philosophy directly issuing from the Cogito' (E, 1; see S2, 4). Freud's discovery of the unconscious subverts  the Cartesian concept of subjectivity because it disputes the Cartesian  equation subject = ego = consciousness. One of Lacan's main criticisms of ego-psychology and object-relations theory is that these schools betrayed  Freud's discovery by returning to the pre-Freudian concept of the subject  as an autonomous ego (S2, l 1).  2. On another level, Lacan's views can be seen not only as a subversion of  the cogito, but also as an extension of it, for the cogito not only encapsulates  the false equation subject = ego = consciousness which Lacan opposes, but  also focuses attention on the concept of the SUBJECT[[subject]], which Lacan wishes to  retain. Thus the cogito contains within itself the seeds of its own subversion,  by putting forward a concept of subjectivity which undermines the modern  concept of the ego. This concept of subjectivity refers to what Lacan calls 'the  subject of science': a subject who is denied all intuitive access to knowledge  and is thus left with reason as the only path to knowledge (Ec, 831; see Ec,  858).  By opposing the subject to the ego, Lacan proposes that the subject of the  Cartesian cogito is in fact one and the same as the subject of the unconscious. Psychoanalysis can thus operate with a Cartesian method, advancing from  doubt to certainty, with the crucial difference that it does not start from the  statement 'I think' but from the affirmation 'it thinks' (Áa pense) (Sll, 35--6).  Lacan rewrites Descartes's phrase in various ways, such as 'I think where I am  not, therefore I am where I do not think' (E, 166). Lacan also uses the cogito to distinguish between the subject of the statement and the subject of the  ENUNCIATION [[enunciation]]. <ref>(see Sll, 138-42; see Sl7, 180-4).</ref>