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Although [[Freud]] only used the term very rarely, it became much more widely used in [[psychoanalytic theory]] after his [[death]].
==After Freud==In [[particular]], [[analyst]]s soon [[divided ]] over the [[role ]] allotted to [[countertransference]] in discussions of [[technique]].
On the one hand, many [[analyst]]s argued that [[counter-transferencecountertransference]] manifestations were the result of incompletely analysed elements in the [[analyst]], and that such manifestations should therefore be reduced to a minimum by a more [[complete ]] [[training]] [[analysis]].
On the other hand, some [[analyst]]s from the [[Klein]]ian [[school]], beginning with Paula Heimann, argued that the [[analyst]] should be guided in his [[interpretation]]s by his own [[countertransference]] reactions, taking his own [[feelings ]] as an indicator of the [[patient]]'s [[state ]] of [[mind]].
Whereas the former group regarded [[countertransference]] as an obstacle to [[analysis]], the latter group regarded it as a useful tool.
==Jacques Lacan==
In the 1950s, [[Lacan]] describes [[countertransference]] as a [[resistance]], an obstacle which hinders the [[progress]] of [[psychoanalytic]] [[treatment]].
[[Countertransference]] is a [[resistance]] of the [[analyst]].
Thus [[Lacan]] defines [[countertransference]] as '"the sum of the prejudices, [[passion]]s, perplexities, and even the insufficient information of the [[analyst]] at a certain [[moment ]] of the [[dialectic]]al [[process]]' of the [[treatment]]."<ref>{{Ec}} p.225</ref> [[Lacan]] refers to two of [[Freud]]'s case studies to illustrate what he means. In 1951, he refers to the [[Dora]] case, and argues that [[Freud]]'s [[countertransference]] was rooted in his [[belief]] that [[heterosexuality]] is [[natural]] rather than [[normative]], and in his [[identification]] with Herr K.
==Case Studies==[[Lacan]] argues that it was these refers to two factors which caused of [[Freud]] to handle the 's [[treatmentcase]] badly and provoke the 'negative transference' which led studies to [[Dora]] breaking off the [[treatment]] <ref>[[Lacan]], 1951a</ref>illustrate what he means.
===Young Homosexual Woman===In 1957 [[Lacan]] presents a similar [[analysis]] of Freud's treatment of the young [[homosexual ]] woman <ref>{{F}} (1920a [1918]) "[[Works of Sigmund Freud|The Psychogenesis of a Case of Female Homosexuality]]," [[SE]] XVIII, 1920a147.</ref>.
He argues that when [[Freud]] [[interpreted]] the [[woman]]'s [[dream]] as expressing a [[wish ]] to deceive him, he was focusing on the [[imaginary]] [[dimension ]] of the [[woman]]'s [[transference]] rather than on the [[symbolic]] dimension.<ref>{{S4}} p.135</ref>.
That is, [[Freud]] interpreted the [[dream ]] as something directed at him personally, rather than as something directed at the [[Other]].
[[Lacan]] argues that [[Freud]] did this because he found the [[woman]] attractive and because he [[identification|identified ]] with the [[woman]]'s [[father]].<ref>{{S4}} p.106-9</ref>.
Once again, [[Freud]]'s [[countertransference]] brought the [[treatment]] to a premature end, though this time it was [[Freud]] who decided to terminate it.
==Training==The preceding examples might seem to [[suggest ]] that [[Lacan]] aligns himself with those [[analyst]]s who argue that the [[training ]] [[analysis]] should give the [[analyst]] the capacity to transcend all [[affect|affective reactions to the [[patient]]. However, [[Lacan]] absolutely rejects this point of view, which he dismisses as a 'stoical ideal' <ref>{{S8}} p.219</ref>. The training [[analysis]] does not put the [[analyst]] beyond passion, and to believe that it does would be to believe that all the passions stem from the [[unconscious]], an idea which [[Lacan]] rejects. If anything, the better analysed the [[analystpatient]] is, the more likely he is to be frankly in love with, or be quite repulsed by, the [[analysand]].<ref>{{S8}} p.220</ref>. If, then, the [[analyst]] does not act on the basis of these feelings, it is not because his training [[analysis]] has drained away his passions, but because it has given him a desire which is even stronger than those passions, a desire which [[Lacan]] calls the [[desire of the [[analyst]]]].<ref>{{S8}} p.220-1</ref>
However, [[Lacan]] absolutely rejects this point of view, which he dismisses as a "stoical [[ideal]]".<ref>{{S8}} p.219</ref>.
<blockquote>"No one has ever said that the [[analyst]] should never have feelings towards his [[patient]]. But he must [[know]] not only not to give into [[them]], to keep them in their [[place]], but also how to make adequate use of them in his technique."<ref>{{S1}} p.32</ref></blockquote>
==See Also==
{{See}}
* [[Affect]]
* [[Analyst]]
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* [[Desire]]
* [[Interpretation]]
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* [[Training]]
* [[Transference]]
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* [[Treatment]]
* [[Unconscious]]
{{Also}}
==References==
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[[Category:PsychotherapyPsychoanalysis]]
[[Category:Jacques Lacan]]
[[Category:Treatment]]
[[Category:Practice]]
[[Category:Dictionary]]
[[Category:Language]]
[[Category:Symbolic]]
[[Category:Concepts]]
[[Category:Terms]]
[[Category:OK]]
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