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 [[countertransference]] ([[French]]: ''[[contre-transfert]]'') ==Sigmund Freud==[[Freud]] used coined the term '"[[countertransference]]' " to denote designate the [[analyst]]'s "[[countertransference|unconscious]] [[feelings]] toward " towards the [[analysandpatient]].

==After Freud==In [[particular]], [[analyst]]s soon [[divided ]] over the [[role ]] allotted to [[countertransference]] in discussions of [[technique]].   

On the one hand, many [[analyst]]s argued that [[counter-transferencecountertransference]] manifestations were the result of incompletely analysed elements in the [[analyst]], and that such manifestations should therefore be reduced to a minimum by a more [[complete ]] [[training]] [[analysis]].

On the other hand, some [[analyst]]s from the [[Klein]]ian [[school]], beginning with Paula Heimann, argued that the [[analyst]] should be guided in his [[interpretation]]s by his own [[countertransference]] reactions, taking his own [[feelings ]] as an indicator of the [[patient]]'s [[state ]] of [[mind]].

Thus [[Lacan]] defines [[countertransference]] as '"the sum of the prejudices, [[passion]]s, perplexities, and even the insufficient information of the [[analyst]] at a certain [[moment ]] of the [[dialectic]]al [[process]]' of the [[treatment]]."<ref>{{Ec}} p.225</ref> [[Lacan]] refers to two of [[Freud]]'s case studies to illustrate what he means.  In 1951, he refers to the [[Dora]] case, and argues that [[Freud]]'s [[countertransference]] was rooted in his [[belief]] that [[heterosexuality]] is [[natural]] rather than [[normative]], and in his [[identification]] with Herr K.

==Case Studies==[[Lacan]] argues that it was these refers to two factors which caused of [[Freud]] to handle the 's [[treatmentcase]] badly and provoke the 'negative transference' which led studies to [[Dora]] breaking off the [[treatment]] <ref>[[Lacan]], 1951a</ref>illustrate what he means.

===Young Homosexual Woman===In 1957 [[Lacan]] presents a similar [[analysis]] of Freud's treatment of the young [[homosexual ]] woman <ref>{{F}} (1920a [1918]) "[[Works of Sigmund Freud|The Psychogenesis of a Case of Female Homosexuality]]," [[SE]] XVIII, 1920a147.</ref>.

He argues that when [[Freud]] [[interpreted]] the [[woman]]'s [[dream]] as expressing a [[wish ]] to deceive him, he was focusing on the [[imaginary]] [[dimension ]] of the [[woman]]'s [[transference]] rather than on the [[symbolic]] dimension.<ref>{{S4}} p.135</ref>.

That is, [[Freud]] interpreted the [[dream ]] as something directed at him personally, rather than as something directed at the [[Other]].

[[Lacan]] argues that [[Freud]] did this because he found the [[woman]] attractive and because he [[identification|identified ]] with the [[woman]]'s [[father]].<ref>{{S4}} p.106-9</ref>.

==Training==The preceding examples might seem to [[suggest ]] that [[Lacan]] aligns himself with those [[analyst]]s who argue that the [[training ]] [[analysis]] should give the [[analyst]] the capacity to transcend all [[affect|affective reactions to the [[patient]].  However, [[Lacan]] absolutely rejects this point of view, which he dismisses as a 'stoical ideal' <ref>{{S8}} p.219</ref>.  The training [[analysis]] does not put the [[analyst]] beyond passion, and to believe that it does would be to believe that all the passions stem from the [[unconscious]], an idea which [[Lacan]] rejects.  If anything, the better analysed the [[analystpatient]] is, the more likely he is to be frankly in love with, or be quite repulsed by, the [[analysand]].<ref>{{S8}} p.220</ref>.  If, then, the [[analyst]] does not act on the basis of these feelings, it is not because his training [[analysis]] has drained away his passions, but because it has given him a desire which is even stronger than those passions, a desire which [[Lacan]] calls the [[desire of the [[analyst]]]].<ref>{{S8}} p.220-1</ref>

Hence The [[Lacantraining]] [[analysis]] does not entirely reject Paula Heimann'put the [[analyst]] beyond [[passion]], and to believe that it does would be to believe that all the [[passion]]s positionstem from the [[unconscious]], an [[idea]] which [[Lacan]] rejects.

He accepts that ==Desire of the Analyst==If anything, the better analysed the [[analyst]]s have feelings towards their is, the more likely he is to be frankly in [[patientlove]]swith, or be quite repulsed by, and that sometimes the [[analystanalysand]] can direct the treatment better by reflecting on these feelings.<ref>{{S8}} p. 220</ref>.

For exampleIf, if Freud had reflected a bit more then, the [[analyst]] does not [[act]] on the basis of these [[feeling]]s, it is not because his [[training]] [[analysis]] has drained away his feelings towards the young homosexual woman[[passion]]s, but because it has given him a [[desire]] which is even stronger than those [[passion]]s, he might have avoided interpreting her dream as a message addressed directly to him [[desire]] which [[Lacan]] calls the [[desire of the analyst]].<ref>{{S4S8}} p.108220-1</ref>.

No one has ever said that the ==Affect==Hence [[analystLacan]] should never have feelings towards his does not entirely reject Paula Heimann's [[patientposition]].

But he must know not only not to give into them, to keep them in He accepts that [[analyst]]s have [[feeling]]s towards their place[[patient]]s, but also how to make adequate use of them in his technique. <ref>{{Sl}} pand that sometimes the [[analyst]] can direct the [[treatment]] better by reflecting on these [[feeling]]s.32</ref>

If For example, if [[countertransferenceFreud]]is condemned by had reflected a bit more on his feelings towards the young homosexual [[Lacanwoman]], then, it is because he defines it not in terms of affects felt by the might have avoided [[interpreting]] her [[analystdream]], but as the a [[analystmessage]]'s failure addressed directly to use those affects appropriatelyhim.<ref>{{S4}} p. 108</ref>.

In the 1960s If [[countertransference]] is condemned by [[Lacan]] becomes very critical , then, it is because he defines it not in [[terms]] of [[affect]]s felt by the term countertransference[[analyst]], but as the [[analyst]]'s failure to use those [[affect]]s appropriately.

He argues that it connotes a symmetrical relationship between ==Late Lacan==In the 1960s [[analystLacan]] and becomes very critical of the term [[analysandcountertransference]], whereas the transference is anything but a symmetrical relationship.

When speaking of the He argues that it connotes a symmetrical [[analystrelationship]]'s position it is both misleading and unnecessary to use the term countertransference; it is sufficient to speak of the different ways in which between the [[analyst]] and the [[analysand]] are implicated in , whereas the [[transference <ref>{{S8}} p.233</ref>]] is anything but a symmetrical relationship.

"The transference When [[speaking]] of the [[analyst]]'s position it is both misleading and unnecessary to use the term [[countertransference]]; it is a phenomenon sufficient to [[speak]] of the different ways in which subject the [[analyst]] and psycho-analyst [[analysand]] are both included. To divide it implicated in terms of transference and counter-the [[transference ]]. . . is never more than a way of avoiding the essence of the matter."<ref>{{SllS8}} p.231233</ref>.

==def==Countertransference <blockquote>"The [[transference]] is a term phenomenon in psychotherapy, denoting a condition where the therapist, as a result of the therapy sessions, begins to transfer the therapist's own repressed feelings to the which [[patientsubject]].  It is also defined as the entire body of feelings that the therapist has toward the and [[patientpsycho]]-analyst are both included. Countertransference is defined in oppositon to transference, where a person in therapy begins to transfer feelings to the therapist.  For example, the person in therapy may begin to look at the therapist as if the therapist were the To [[patientdivide]]'s mother, transferring their feelings for the real mother to the therapist.  This is considered a positive sign it in psychoanalytic therapy, showing that the terms of [[patienttransference]] is making progress. In On Becoming a Counselor, Eugene Kennedy states that and [[countertransferencecounter-transference]]has the potential to be present in any counseling relationship.  He states that it . . is often one of the biggest challenges for never more than a new counselor to overcome, and while there is no way to totally overcome of avoiding the problem of counter-transference learning to not let [[countertransferenceessence]]affect a counseling relationship is keyof the matter.  The mantra "only connect" is often associated with this effect<ref>{{S11}} p.231</ref></blockquote>

[[Category:PsychotherapyPsychoanalysis]]